History Of Psychology Ch. 3 After Aristotle

Front 1

Peter Abelard

Back 1

One of the first Western philosopher-theologians to emphasize the works of Aristotle.

Front 2

St. Anselm

Back 2

Argued that sense perception and rational powers should supplement faith.

Front 3

Antisthenes

Back 3

Founder of cynicism

Front 4

St Thomas Aquinas

Back 4

Epitomized Scholasticism. He sought to "Christianize" the works of Aristotle and to show that both faith and reason lead to the truth of God's existence.

Front 5

St. Augustine

Back 5

After having demonstrated the validity of inner, subjective experience, said that one can know God through introspection as well as through the revealed truth of Scripture. Augustine also wrote extensively on human free will.

Front 6

Averroes

Back 6

An Arabic physician and philosopher who, among other things, wrote influential commentaries on Aristotle's work on the sense, memory, sleep and walking, and dreams.

Front 7

Avicenna

Back 7

An Arabic physician and philosopher whose translations of, and commentaries on, the works of Aristotle strongly influenced subsequent Western philosophers.

Front 8

St. Bonaventure

Back 8

A contemporary of St. Thomas Aquinas, argued that Christianity should remain Augustinian and should reject any effort to assimilate Aristotelian philosophy into church dogma.

Front 9

Conceptualism

Back 9

Abelard's proposed solution to the realism-nominalism debate. Abelard argued that concepts do not have independent existence (realism), but that, being abstractions, they are more than mere names (nominalism).

Front 10

Constantine

Back 10

Roman Emperor under whose leadership widely diverse Christian writings and beliefs were formalized thus facilitating the widespread acceptance of Christianity.

Front 11

Cynicism

Back 11

The belief that the best life is one lived close to nature and free from the rules and regulations of society.

Front 12

Dialectic method

Back 12

The technique used by Abelard in seeking truth. Questions are raised and several possible answers to those questions are explored.

Front 13

Diogenes

Back 13

Like his mentor Antisthenes, advocated natural impulse as the proper guide for action instead of social convention.

Front 14

Dogmatist

Back 14

According to the Skeptics, any person claiming to have arrived at an indispensable truth.

Front 15

Epicureanism

Back 15

The belief that the best life is one of long-term pleasure resulting from moderation.

Front 16

Epicurus of Samos

Back 16

Founder of Epicureanism

Front 17

Hedonism

Back 17

The belief that the good life consists of seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

Front 18

Internal sense

Back 18

The internal knowledge of moral right that individuals use in evaluating their behavior and thoughts. Postulated by St. Augustine.

Front 19

Introspection

Back 19

The examination of one's inner experiences.

Front 20

Jesus

Back 20

A simple, sensitive man whom St. Paul and others claimed was the Messiah. Those who believe Jesus to be the Son of God are called Christians.

Front 21

Peter Lombard

Back 21

Insisted that God could be known through faith, reason, or the study of his work in nature.

Front 22

St. Albertus Magnus

Back 22

Made a comprehensive review of Aristotle's work. Following Aristotle's suggestion, he also made careful, direct observations of nature.

Front 23

Maimonides

Back 23

Jewish physician and philosopher who attempted to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Judaism

Front 24

Mystery religions

Back 24

Ancient religions (cults) that were characterized by secret rites of initiation; ceremonies designed to bring initiates closer to a deity or deities, to symbolize death and rebirth, to offer purification and forgiveness of sins, and to cause the exaction of a new life; the confession of sin; and a strong feeling of community among members.

Front 25

Neoplatonism

Back 25

Philosophy that emphasized the most mystical aspects of Plato's philosophy. Transcendental experiences were considered the most significant type of human experience.

Front 26

Nominalism

Back 26

The belief that so-called universals are nothing more than verbal labels or mental habits that are used to denote classes of experience.

Front 27

Occam's razor

Back 27

The belief that of several, equally effective alternative explanations, the one that makes the fewest assumptions should be accepted.

Front 28

Ontological argument for the existence of God

Back 28

St. Anselm's contention that if we can think of something, it must be real. Because we can think of a perfect being (God), that perfect being must exist.

Front 29

St. Paul

Back 29

Founded the Christina church by asserting that Jesus was the Son of God. Paul placed the soul of spirit in the highest position among the human faculties, the body in the lowest, and the mind in a position somewhere in between.

Front 30

Philo

Back 30

A Neoplatonist who combined Jewish theology with Plato's philosophy. Philo differentiated between the lower self (the body) and a spiritual self, which is made n God's image. The body is the source of all evils; therefore for the spiritual self to develop fully, one should avoid or minimize sensory experience.

Front 31

Plotinus

Back 31

A Neoplatonist who emphasized the importance of embracing the soul through introspection. These inner experiences were more important and informative than physical experiences.

Front 32

Predestination

Back 32

The belief that God has preordained, even before birth, which people will be granted salvation (the elect) and which condemned to eternal damnation.

Front 33

Pyrrho of Elis

Back 33

Founder of Skepticism

Front 34

Realism

Back 34

The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals.

Front 35

Scholasticism

Back 35

The synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian teachings.

Front 36

Skepticism

Back 36

The belief that all beliefs can be proved false; thus, to avoid the frustration of being wrong, it is best to believe nothing.

Front 37

Stoicism

Back 37

The belief that one should live according to nature's plan and accept one's fate with indifference or, in the case of extreme hardship, with courage.

Front 38

Vedantism

Back 38

The Indian religion that emphasized the importance of semiecstatic trances.

Front 39

William of Occam

Back 39

Denied the contention of the realists that what we experience are but manifestations of abstract principles. Instead, he sided with the nominalists who said that so called abstract principles, or universals, were nothing more than verbal labels that we use to describe classes of experiences. For Occam, reality is what we experience directly; there is no need to assume a "higher" reality beyond our senses.

Front 40

Zeno of Citium

Back 40

Founder of Stoicism

Front 41

Zoroastrianism

Back 41

The Persian religion that equated truth and wisdom with the brilliance of the sun and ignorance and evil with darkness.