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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stone Age Medicine |
Cave floors never swept, Umbilical cords cut with teeth, made splints out of wood, clay casts, and preformed trepanation on head wounds, Trepanation done with a flat knife, sharks tooth, Used amulets from trepanation to ward of illness, They preferred people with fat on them•
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Imhotep |
architect and physician-magician to King Deemed Egyptian God of Medicine- was bald even thought that was an illness |
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Medicine in Ancient Egypt |
Hygiene- bathed frequently, daily bowel attention, wore white linen and sandals, practiced circumcision for “cleanliness” •
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Surgical Papyrus
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1600 BC, 15 feet long Documented surgical practices of men: covered probing wounds, pulse monitoring, documented fever, cranial nerve injuries Was a copy of a text from 1000 years earlier |
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Therapeutic Papyrus of Thebes
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1552 BC, 65 feet long Most important of all scrolls – covered HEENT, pediatrics, dermatology (burns, gangrene, flogging, and cosmetic preparations) |
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Ancient Greece
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centered remedies on gods, literature based on battle wounds Men brought diseased organs to temples, to ask for healing Apollo- god of medicine… child = Aesculapius |
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Greek Medicine
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6th Century BC and beyond More scholars- Socrates, Sophocles, Pythagoras, Euripides, Plato Anaximander postulated evolution, Empedocles- anatomical research, Worked with poisons and the art of midwifery
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Hippocrates- Greatest of all Greek physician
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“Father of Medicine”- discarded gods, poly-pharmacy, and superstition, Made Hippocratic oath, wrote Airs, Waters, Places- public health text, Bee swarms on his grave- honey determined to cure thrush, comfort of patient always emphasized, and bedside manner. Treated patient with- diet, exercise, fresh air, studied drugs, reported failures and success
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New Hippocratic methods
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enemas, suppositories, fiber supplements (barley) |
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Alexandria
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Library and college beautiful gardens, statues of famous men, large lecture halls, zoologist, astronomers, labs
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Medical school in alexandria
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dissecting rooms for physicians, didactic structure and practical demonstration, Established 4th century BC, anatomy and physiology, criminals for cadavers, stopped hemorrhaging with bandage
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Great Alumni from alexandria
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Erasistratus- urinary catheter, Diocles- first anatomy text, Alcmaeon- discovered optic nerve, Praxagoras distinguished arteries from veins.
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Herophilus
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Father of Anatomy Named duodenum, prostate. Described ovaries, ciliary body of eye, vitreous humor, hyoid bone, meninges |
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Humoral Pathology
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disease is the result of disturbed or abnormal conditions of the 4 fluids or humors of the body: Blood, Phlegm, Black Bile, Yellow bile, Temperament determined by predominating humor: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric |
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Plethora
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theory that disease was caused by excessive or diseased blood, Treated by blood-letting and/or leeches, Dropsy related- but abdominal (now called ascites)
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Erasistratus
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described the vacuum-like action of the lungs. Equates heart pumping to blacksmiths bellows. Named chordae tendinae, described capillaries but called them synanastomoses |
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Rome
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Disease named after goddess: Scabies- goddess of itch, angina- goddess of quinsy, mefitis- goddess of stench, fluonia- stopped month flow, mena- goddess of menstruation
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Rome Celsus
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First described meningitis, cardiacus (heart disease), insania=insanity, perfected amputation, All animals equal, Described inflammation- redness, swelling heat pain |
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Aretaeus Rome
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understood the direction of blood flow, brain injuries affecting opposite side of body, connection between contagion and infection, gout was intermittent, foreshadowed endocrinology. Also had crazy idea- drinking blood of slaughtered man, earting live to cure disease, 4 cardinal techniques of exam |
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Galen
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130-200 AD entered Rome from Asia Minor (Turkey). Most famous, gifted physician of the century. Extremely boastful, attentions seeking, funny, saved commodus (bad emperor rather than army). Father of Osetology- naming bones and structures of the cranium, dividing ht evertebare into cervical, dorsal and lumbar |
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Arabian meidicne
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Nestorians expelled from Edessa as Heretics, migrated to Persia. Saved knowledge from Alexandria. Medical school of Jundispar became link between east and west
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Burzuya
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physician for Chosroes. Sent to India to investigate medical conditions, returned with lore of Susruta and Charaka. Later Hindu Physicians welcomed into Persia
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India
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Susruta instruction use of 5 senses. Sweet taste of diabetic urine. Surgical armamentarium- trocars, bone-nippers, steel knives, forceps, cupping-glasses, >100 blunt instruments.
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Asoka- Buddhist King
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First great builder of hospitals for man and beast. Encouraged humility
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Saving of Greek Wisdom
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Empire of Persia was first united by Mohammed then later divided after his death- became versed in Greek traditions and medicine
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Ali al-Tabari
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Paradise of Wisdom- book melding Islam with science/medicine showing there was no conflict in practicing both |
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Medical Licensure
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Introduced in Bagdad in 931 AD. Case of professional ignorance brought to king’s attention, all physicians ordered out of the city unless proved their competence. Sinan Ibn Thabit- first official medical examiner |
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Advances of Muslim Hospital
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Accepted prisoners for care, treated blind and lepers, location chosen by meat resistance to putrefaction, Arabian asylum for insane, so well like people faked illness to get in. |
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Historical Context Middle ages
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Great Roman empire expanded then was sacked by Barbarians. Chaos ruled, Christianity emerged, physicians were called heretics, knowledge al together lost for 1000+ years
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European Medicine- Middle ages
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after the 2nd century the “thread of rational medicine snaps.” Started using charms, amulets, abracadabra, fever treated by cutting a splinter from a door through which an eunuch has passed.
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Religion and medicine- Middle ages
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Leech Book of Bald, medicine is more effective if drunk out of church bells. Cover yourself with mud in the sign of the cross to kill dragons, do not need to take baths |
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Roger Bacon
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condemned magic, embrace science, anticipated radiology, melded science, medicine and religion |
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University of Paris- Middle ages
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medical headquarters of the middle ages. Ruined medicine- outlawed surgical operations and bedside exams. Jews were forbidden from practice of medicine
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Middle ages- Learning
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most people could not read, surgery done by barbers. Silk road brought education to Europe |
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Medicine in the renaissance
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Europe awakened, discovered trade routes. Luther burned the papal bull and sky did not fall- brought logic back. Recovery of original test, medical school went back to teaching. Expansion- botany and pharmaceutical medicinal knowledge: Tobacco, gold, peanuts
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Father of Modern Anatomy. First to draw the human skeleton, scientist and artist. |
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Vesalius
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Climbed gallows or robbed graveyards as cadavers were scarce, incorporated Latin and Arabic terms in anatomy.Established an university of Padua at age 23, introduced theater anatomy dissections and lectures.
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William Osler
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Canadian physician One of four founders of John’s Hopkins. Father of Modern Medicine
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Walter Reed
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VA hospital named after him, 1900 postulated mosquito as vector for yellow fever
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American nineteenth century medicine
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Snake oil, traveling physicians, females allowed, frontier trails, civil war medicines
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Early 20th Century
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Advent of antibiotic use, rise of vaccinations to eradicate disease. Public health/global health awareness grows. Importance of hand washing, recognized. FDA started
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Physician Shortage
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Leads to PA profession in 1960’s as more physicians specialized and less went into primary care
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Types of Assitants
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Loblolly boys- 1700s- title evolved to surgeon’s steward and hospital corpsman apprentice, navy men who assisted surgeons. Outside US: China- barefoot 1960s, Puerto Rice- practicante 1800s-mid 20th, Russia= Feldshers 17-20th century, France= Officer de Sante 1800s |
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Periods of Physician Assistant
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1.Ideology 1960-1969 2.Implementation 1966-1975 3.Evaluation and Establishment 1976-1980 4.Recognition and Incorporation 1981-1990 5.Maturation and Establishment 1991-2001 6.Global Expansion 2001-present
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Charles Hudson
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present of National board of Medical Examiners. Called for mid-level trained provider based on experienced military corpsmen
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Duke
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university
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Eugene Stead
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Founder of our profession, endorsed the PA concept by AMA in 1969 following his leadership. Nursing hybrid failed, first class of 4 started in 1965
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Medex
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University of Washington. Rural focus, experience based. Founded by Richard Smith, 1970
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Child Health Associated
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University of Colorado. Developed by Dr. Henry Silver- Pediatrics in 1968. First master degree awarded 1975
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Alderson- Broaddus College
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4 year, first bachelors program. Founded by Dr. Hu C Myer. Students enter after highschool
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AMA
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1969 established accreditation for PA programs ARC-PA |
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Health profession educational assistance act
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1972 passed, promotes PA program growth |
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Rhazes
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Chief Physician of Baghdad Hospitals. Prolific writer, when you can effect a cure by means of a simple medicine, avoid employing a compound one. Hiccough, smallpox, embryology, fever treated according to cause, biliary obstruction causes jaundice, hematuria, gonorrhea |
