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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What did funeral games consist of?
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wrestling, boxing, archery, chariot races, foot racing, javelin, discus, and sword fighting
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Competitiveness is derived from which terms?
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contest and prize
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What 4 major festivals dominated the 5th century and who did they honor?
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Pythian games - Apollo
Isthmian games - Poseidon Nemean games - Zeus Olympic games - Zeus |
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Where did the Olympic games orginate?
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Mount Olympus or Olympia
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Who are the founders of the ancient games?
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Hercules, Zeus, and Pelops
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What is the date of the first competitive games?
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It is unknown
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When was the first victor of ancient games recorded?
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776 BC
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Where were chariot races held?
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Hippodrome
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What proof of eligibility was needed in order to participated in ancient games?
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That the person was Greek, free (not a slave), and had no criminal record.
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How long did the ancient games celebration last for?
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5 days
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How did the Olympics impact the ancient world?
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-provided Greeks with calendar
-profound impressions on Greek art -important part in thinking of Greek philosophers -inspired Greek poerty and drama -Greek culture emerged into mainstream life of Asia Minor, South Italy, and North Egypt -Etruscans incorporated Greel sport into martial exercises |
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Why did the Romans feel that the Greek games were corrupt?
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because of nudity
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What purposes did the animal fights of Roman games serve?
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-entertainment for an idle populace and to dispose of social undesirables (Christians, theives, and murderers). gambling as well took place
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Who were gladiators drawn from?
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war prisoners, condemned criminals, disobedient slaves, and the occasional volunteer
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What were the rewards of a gladiator?
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fed well, served by masseurs, and trained by the best teachers available
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When were gladiatorial fights abolished?
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404 or early 5th century
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What did ball and stick games symbolize?
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-return of spring
-human fertility -growth of crops |
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What did the church provide for ball games in the Middle Ages?
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-a place and time for playing games
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What are the Middle Ages' names for field hockey and where were they associated with?
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-Hurling (Ireland)
-Shinty (Scotland) -Cambuca or Bandy (Britain or France) |
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When was English football played?
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Shrove Tuesday
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What other games did football lead to?
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Stoolball and Bowls
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What are some social distinctions separating the aristocracy and the peasants?
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-access to land
-certain animals (ex horses) -hunting implements |
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What are some characteristics of hawking?
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-had little military significance
-used little space -incorporated gambling -was spectator sport |
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How did tournaments benefit knights?
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-Provided training for battle
-offered poor knights a way to earn prestige or wealthy patronage -economic gain through ransoming and capturing -pretext for gathering alliances for kings or wealthy in order to provide protection |
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What 2 types of combat did tournaments consist of?
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-melees
-jousts |
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What was a melee?
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hand to hand combat with many men on teams
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Where was tennis first played?
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monasteries and church cloisters
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What was the original name of tennis?
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le jeu de paume or "a game of handball"
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Why was peasant participation in sport prohibited?
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The wealthy decided that their interests should differ from those of the peasants
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Why was it ordered that pasttimes should be dismissed?
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-it disturbed the tranquility of social order
-a concern for military preparedness was important |
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The Greek ideal of a harmonious body and mind was what?
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the "Renaissance Man"
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What are the characteristics of a Renaissance Man?
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-socially adept (proficient)
-sensitive to aesthetic (or appearance) values -skilled in weaponry -strong in body -learned in letters -well built and shapely of limb -expert in swordpaly, archery, and horsemanship -participant in all exercises benefiting a man of war -could leap, swim, and run played games benefiting a man of court |
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What is a scholarly athlete?
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excelled in academics (philosphy, literature, and visual arts) and sports
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What are some humanist beliefs?
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-admired ancient Greeks
-emphasized the joy of living -People are inherently good -One's life is worth contemplating |
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Who wrote the Book of Courtier and what did it highlight?
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Baldassau Castiglione
-the ideal courtier or Renaissance Man |
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Thomas Elyot wrote what book including which beliefs?
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The Book of the Governour
-frowned on pastimes of the masses -advocated for exercises that made the "spirits of a man more strong and valiant" -promoted activity as an integral part of the education of the upper classes |
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Who was the first heardmaster of the Merchant Taylors School
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Richard Mulcaster
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Who wrote the book Toxophilus?
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Roger Ascham
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What was the Giuco Del Ponte?
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2 people fought on a bridge using pointed shields and tried to knock their opponent off
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What are some games considered gentlemanly?
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Giuco del Ponte, Jousting tournaments, and horse racing
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What was palio?
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horserace
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What was calcio?
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unique to Italy
similar to English football only honourable soldiers, gentlemen, lords, and princes participated |
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What was tennis known as?
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international sport of kings
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Where was golf geographically contained?
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Holland, Scotland, and England
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Why did the Aztecs participate in ball games?
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as a form of ritual
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What are the 2 main sports that were played by Native Americans?
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Shinny (similiar to field hockey) and racquets (or lacrosse)
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What was lacrosse refered to as?
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"little war"
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What replaced humanism in Europe?
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the Calvinist theory
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How did English Puritans view sport?
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they thought it was the devil
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Who was the most important leader of the Protestant Reformation?
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John Calvin
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what did John Calvin attempt to construct?
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a theocracy
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Calvin and his followers banned about 200 amusements. What amusements were given the most attention?
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prostitution, gambling, drinking, dancing, and games traditionally associated with gambling
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Why was football considered a disruptive game?
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-interfered with commerce
-destroyed property |
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In which sports were stacks invariably high?
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fencing, bowling, cricket, football, wrestling, horse racing, and cockfights
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Why did Puritans oppose the recreational life of masses?
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-it was geared towards the seasonal cycle associated with the old Catholic Church calendar
-had ancient connections to pagan and catholic festivities |
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What social changes occurred in the 16th and 17th century England?
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-enclosure movement
-economic and population change |
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The Puritans were more severe in their opposition of what type of sport?
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public sport rather than individualistic sports
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What occurred when the Puritans took over the monarchy?
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-abolished the Cotswold games
-declared the Declaration of Lawful Sports to be null and void -prohibited Sunday amusements |
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What type of knowledge did James Figg share?
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various combats with foil, backsword, cudgel, and fist
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Who was England's premier fighter, trainer, and promoter
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James Figg
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What are some of Broughton's Rules?
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-no hitting below the belt
-no wrestling holds below the waist -bouts are broken up into rounds, ending when a man went down or off the stage -provided 30 sec rests between rounds |
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What did King Charles II do after returning from continental exile in 1660?
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-re-established the monarchy, church, and customary social activities
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After King Charles II's return, which traditional sports were revived?
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-Cotswold games
-footrace -wrestling -fencing -football |
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In regards to bowling, what did King Charles II do?
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-build bowling alleys
-drew up rules in 1670 |
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Tennis waned in popularity in which century?
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17th
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What were some new activities that King Charles II introduced?
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-ice skating
-summer water sports (swimming, rowing, yachting) -horse racing |
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What were some advantages of horse racing shifting from monarchial control to aristocratic control?
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-form and rules of turf
-formal organization |
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What type of things did the Jockey Club do?
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-organization of owners and breeders
-rules of dress for jockeys -appointed judges, starters, clerks, and other officials -exacted penalties for offenders |
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What did the Racing Calendar portray?
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-publicized rules and regulations
-disseminating news and events -regulating annual schedule of meets |
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What became the unofficial mecca of cricket?
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Marylebone Cricket Club
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By the end of the 18th century, which sport was recognized as the only sport to bridge the gulf between upper classes and the masses, north and south, town and countryside?
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cricket
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What was used for golf clubs and balls?
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branches curved by nature and leather balls filled with feathers
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Who broke up boxing from its alliance with swordplay and cudgeling?
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Jack Broughton
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What did Jack Broughton introduce into the sport of boxing?
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gloves for sparring and exhibition
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What disadvantages did boxing suffer?
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-legally banned
-a string of undistinguished champions |
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How did gambling influence sports?
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people were compelled to bring order to sports as a means of providing predictability to their bets
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How did horse racing change in the 18th century?
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-straight race (1/4 mile)
-oval tracks (1 mile) |
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A gladiator avoided what type of mandatory service?
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military
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What were the gladiatory schools created by Caesar called?
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Ludi
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A gladiator was given their freedom when what occured?
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they were offered the woooden sword or they bought their freedom with the use of money from their winnings
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What was considered a sign of surrender during a gladiatorial fight?
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putting up a finger or a hand
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