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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give two reasons why the study of philosophy and Christian thought is important.
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It teaches us how to think with clarity, cogency and profundity, it better helps us understand the background of Christian thought, and to understand the formidable opponents to Xianity.
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Describe how the typical questions that are addressed in the field of philosophy are religious in nature.
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Philosophers and religious people are interested in the same things- God, morals, and knowledge. We all ask the same questions.
Metaphysics- What is the nature of reality? Why is there something rather than nothing? Epistemology- How do we know? Ethics- How should we live? |
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What are the main differences between the Christian worldview and the non- Christian worldview?
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Christians believe in the distinction between the creator and the creature, and absolute personal God, and the Lordship of God- control, authority, and presence.
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Describe how Eve being tempted by Satan in the garden illustrates the concepts of rationalism and irrationalism.
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Christians thing God is transcendent and immanent. The story of the Garden demonstrates this. God is transcendent because He created the world and gave us rules. But He is also immanent because He entered into a covenant relationship with us. When God told Adam, and Eve, not to eat from the tree that demonstrated both Christian rationalism and irrationalism. It was rational because Eve believed in a dogmatic perspective given by God to obey or disobey. It was irrational, because Eve believed in a transcendent being that spoke to her in language she could understand. The temptation of Eve prompted her to enter into non-christian irrationalism and rationalism. Irrationalism because she was tempted to disbelieve what God had told her. Rationalism because she was tempted to trust her own thinking instead of God's.
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How does Tertullian define a “prescription?”
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Prescriptions- document that is drawn up in order to show that something has no standing for entering into a court case. The gnostics and heretics don't have a right to take part in debates with the church. Presuppositionalism- God's word is the truth, divine revelation. What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?
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According to Justin Martyr what was the source of Plato’s cosmology?
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God made the world from pre-existent material. Plato got it from Moses.
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What does Irenaeus demonstrate about Gnosticism?
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Revelation was not mediated by some divine subordinates.
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What is the notion of antithesis in Tertullian’s thought?
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Jerusalem different from Athens. Tertullian pushes them apart- the sharp division between the wisdom of God and the wisdom of the world.
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What is Augustine’s view of truth?
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Truth by nature is imperishable. Led to the Truth is divine- eternal and immutable.
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What does Calvin teach about self-knowledge in relation to our knowledge of God?
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The knowledge of the two come together. We can't know God without knowing ourselves and we can't know ourselves without knowing God. Calvin assumes the knowledge of God. Knowing God means coming into a covenant relationship to him, not mere intellectual assent.
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What philosopher says mind and body interface at the pineal gland?
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Rene Decartes
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How does Hume define the soul?
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A bundle of perceptions
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According to Locke, what do we know and how do we know it?
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Knowledge we have is imprinted by experience. We start with a tabula rasa and knowledge comes in through our senses.
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What philosopher says the world is composed of mind-like entities?
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Leibniz
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What philosopher denies physical substance?
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Berkely
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What philosopher denies mental substance?
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Locke
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What philosopher denies a necessary connection between cause and effect?
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Hume
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What does Descartes’s rationalism amount to?
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I am thought and my thought has no influence on my body except in the pineal gland.
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What philosopher denies innate ideas?
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Locke
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What is Pascal’s position on faith and reason?
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Pascal said that reason depends on faith. You can't know God by knowing about him. You must enter into a loving relationship with him to know him. 1. Reason depends on the heart. Pascal's "heart" is not emotion but intuitive understanding. The heart is also that which loves. God is known by the heart, not by reason.
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How does Pascal’s wager assess the risk of factors in weighing the religious
options? |
A) If Christianity is true and you bet against it, then you have lost everything. B) If Christianity is true and you bet on it, and it turns out to be false, then you have lost nothing. Thus, prudence dictates a wager on Christianity.
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What apologist developed the analogy of a watch to formulate the teleological argument?
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Paley
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How does Thomas Reid rebut Hume’s skepticism?
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Reid rebuts Hume's skepticism by pointing to the necessity of first principles. C. Why Should We Trust Our Faculties? 1. Else, we are lost in skepticism
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What is Joseph Butler’s view of probability?
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“Probability is the very guide to life” a. In empirical matters there is no absolute demonstration, b. Prudence is a moral obligation in probability, c. Cumulative case, d. If we are governed by probable judgments in other areas of life, then we must be so governed in religion.
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What philosopher says that we must presuppose the reality of the external
world? |
Reid
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Define “conservative drift.”
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Conservative Drift- liberal thought starts out very liberal. Then, it's rejected by the orthodox. So, it's language becomes more conservative to gain acceptance. For example, if you look at the difference between the deists and Kant, they argued for essentially the same thing, Kant just used much more conservative sounding language.
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Define Lessing’s “big ditch.”
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Lessing’s Ditch: historical truths and metaphysical/moral truths are in two entirely different categories. Lessing can't prove Jesus turned water into wine. Can't be sure that he did it, that he is God in the flesh, raised from the dead, etc. I can't use that historical event to prove anything I should believe today. These are accidental events, not provable like 2+2=4. It's not necessary that Columbus came to America. All truths of history are accidental not certain. If you are going to base your life on something, it must have 2+2=4 certainty. But all we have from history are these accidental truths. So historical truths and metaphysical/ moral truths
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How does autonomy figure in Enlightenment rationalism?
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The Enlightenment eschewed the traditional assumptions of the past and dogmatic beliefs in favor of investigating everything with the mind, or reason, apart from history and dogma. It produced scholars and theologians who tried reading the Bible according to autonomous philosophical reasoning, not revelation.
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How does Frame define “autonomy?”
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Autonomy- autonomy starts with something other than God's revelation.
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What is Kant’s position on ideas of self, world, and God?
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Kant elevates the self to a godlike status. The orders the world around it. The mind of the self actively shapes knowledge of the world. The mind can only know the world around it as it coms in through the senses. God is part of the noumena. We cannot know the noumena, it is outside the senses.
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According to Hegel, how do they early stages of the dialectic relate to its later
stages? |
pure ideas start out as being and non-being, then they move into becoming and finally nature. The later stages move through the same form. A and Non-A, the synthesis between the two leads to a higher state.
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In what respect is Kant both a rationalist and irrationalist?
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Kant is a rationalist because he believes in the power of the autonomous human mind. He is irrational because he presupposes the noumena exists, but we can't know anything about it because the info. doesn't come in through the senses.
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How does Kant define “religion?”
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Religion is X, but it can't be est. by miracles. It must be est. by reason. Needed on a practical basis for making ethical decisions.
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How does Kant define “radical evil?”
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Sin= rebellion against what we know to be right. Sin is radical evil fighting against the ideal
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How does Kant define “Christ?”
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X is the symbol of the higher moral life.
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How does Hegel define religion?
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Religion is one way of getting in touch with God. Religion comes through X, who was the synthesis of God and Man. When he died God and Man died. When he rose God and man rose to the higher life.
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What philosopher champions the transcendental method?
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Kant
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What philosopher says that the absolute is already and not-yet?
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Hegel
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What philosopher says that we impose space and time on reality?
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Kant
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What is Kierkegaard’s position on faith and reason?
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1. Kierkegaard focused on how to be a Christian in Christendom. By that he meant how to become a passionate Christian in the midst of culture of nominal Christians. For him it came through a personal experience with God. He disdained the reason/ intellectual approach to theology in favor of faith or personal experience. Abstract concepts cannot adequately describe personal experiences.
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How does Harnack define Christianity?
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Christianity is the kernel of the gospel separated from the husk of the NT and the Church. It is primarily concerned with the teachings of Jesus based on the Kingdom and it's coming, the Fatherhood of God and the infinite value of the human soul, and the higher righteousness and the commandment of love.
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According to Schleiermacher, what is the essence of religion?
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The feeling of absolute dependence on God
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How does Schleiermacher define sin?
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Sin: “sensuous consciousness” or preoccupation with this world rather than with God.
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How does Schleiermacher come to terms with opposing views on theological
questions? |
You are really trying to put into the words the absolute dependence on God. Trying to resolve the problem by going back to the religious consciousness and then you
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How does Schleiermacher define Christ?
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Christ is the archetype of what we can become, he embodies the God consciousness, in contrast to worldly consciousness.
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How does Schleiermacher define election?
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The decree of salvation is ultimately the same as the decree to create. “Christ, even as a human person, was ever coming to be
simultaneously with the world itself.” Grace merely ordains the development of human potential. |
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How does Ritschl gloss the deity of Christ?
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Looks at practical value of JC. Deity based on his value at fulfilling the ultimate value.
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What German thinker was Machen deeply impressed with?
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Hermann
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What does Kierkegaard think of propsitional knowledge?
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Propositional knowledge was unimportant and unhelpful. He stressed the importance of personal experience with the Word.
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What’s the point of Kierkegaard’s parable of the pagan worshiper?
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Pagan worship is really no different than religion A, which is focused on merely participating in external traditions, ceremonies, and ordinances.
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Define the “subjective turn” in liberal theology.
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The "subjective turn" started with Shleirmacher. Libs began to focus on experience and feeling over reason/ revelation.
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What Greek philosopher says, “What can be and what can be thought are one?” What other Greek philosopher agreed with him?
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Parmenides and Plotinus
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According to Plato, what is the source and nature of knowledge?
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Knowledge comes through reason. Through reason we recall our existence in the world of forms before our birth. The world of forms/ ideas is a world filled with perfect patters or exemplars of the world we sense. "Knowledge is reminiscence."
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What position does Epicurus take on determinism?
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The world is made of atoms. Every now and then an atom swerves.
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How does Aristotle relate form and matter?
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Form gives to every substance its shape, size, its qualities. Things, therefore, are knowable because of their form. Matter is that which is formed.
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What philosopher defines knowledge as recollection?
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Plato
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What philosopher said all is air?
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Aneximenes
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What philosopher says every substance but one consists of form and matter?
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Aristotle
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What philosopher says that the demiurge copied the forms onto the
receptacle? |
Plato
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What philosopher says movement is always from potentiality to actuality?
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Aristotle
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What is the primary intent of Greek philosophers?
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To explain the world using reason??
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What do the Gnostics teach about knowledge?
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Chief purpose of humans is to escape the material world and enter into a higher world by secret knowledge
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What philosopher affirms the indestructibility of knowledge?
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???
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What philosopher says nothing changes?
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Parmenides
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What philosopher says everything changes?
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Heraclitus
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What philosopher says the ultimate is beyond all because it’s the principle of all?
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Plotinus???
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What philosophical school denies objective truth?
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Sophism
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How does Anselm view the relation between apologetics and piety?
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He said that he believe that he may understand. Faith precedes reason. Thus he sees the two connected with piety preceding apologetics.
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What does Aquinas teach about the scope of natural reason?
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Nat. reason is fine to function in the world (this world), but if you want more than that, salvation, heaven, etc. (upper world), then you need faith. Nature/ Grace scheme
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What is the main problem with the ontological argument?
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Anselm doesn’t define precisely the Christian God
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