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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Daughter Languages of Indo-European
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Italic
Tocharian Germanic Celtic Balto Slavic Armenian Albanian Indo-Iranian |
TAAGBIIC
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Grimm's Law
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1st millenium BC, voiceless stop to voiceless fricative, voiced stops to voiceless stops, voiced aspirated stops to voiced heart
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Not Indo-European languages in Europe
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Finnish
Hungarian Estonian Lapp Basque Turkish |
THE
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Non Indo-European languages in world
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Asian, Hebrew, Native American
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HAN
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Trace English from Indo-European
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Germanic, West Germanic, Low Germanic, English
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GWLE
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Sir William Jones
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Started classifying languages into classes, first to hypothesize that there was an Indo-European language rather than simple relations--studied sanscrit and Latin
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High German, Low German
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altitude (in class), latitude and longitude (high - south, low - north)
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Phonemic symbols for English
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[x] [y] [ae]
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Phoneme
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Different sound, changes meaning
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Allophone
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Different sound, doesn't change meaning (variation)
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How do you describe a consonant?
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Voiced, voiceless, bilabial, fricatives, etc.
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How do you describe a vowel?
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High low, front back, rounded unrounded
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Where did the Angles, Jutes and Saxons come from? When?
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449, North Germanic tribes coming from North Germany and Denmark. Brought futharc and Germanic languages
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Where did we get the word English and England?
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Angles. Ish means "of the people"
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Who lived in England before Angles and Saxons? Why don't we have more Celtic words in our language? Why do we have so many Latin ones?
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Celts, considered slaves and pagans, didn't mingle, Latin was prestigious, language of the church
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When did Christianity Come to England?
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597-- Irish missionaries (got rid of futharc, thought it pagan)
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Dialects of Old English. Most prestigious? What dialect did we get English from?
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Northumbrian
Mercian (where our language came from) Kent Wessex (had most power at time, King Alfred, didn't get conquered) |
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When were the Norse Invations?
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787, endings become less important, so prepositions and syntax gain prominence, sk words, they them there
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King Alfred
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huge library, chronicle of history of everything that happend, Anglo-Saxon chronicle
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Danelaw
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Northeast of Alfred's line after the war
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Treaty of Wedmore
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making of Alfred's line, only crossed for trade, intermarried
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Futhorc, how influenced later alphabets, symbols
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Runic writing, first six letters of our alphabet, wynn and thorn, put cross o it to christianize it
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Where did the English get Latin alphabet?
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Christian missionaries
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Most of our surviving Old English manuscripts are written in:
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Wessex (only region not attacked)
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Accents
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Accents on first syllable unless a prefix is used
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Front mutation
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a moves towards ae, ae moves towards e, e moves towards i--everything moves towards i
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Sounds unique to Old English?
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[x] and [y]
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What consonant phonemes does PDE have that were not phonemic in OE?
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[f] [v], thorn
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Nominative
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subject, subject compliment
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Genitive
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possessive
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Dative
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indirect object, object of preposition
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Accusative
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direct object
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Noun system in Old English
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Gender, number, case
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Strong masculine diclension
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our modern day plural and possessive came from this
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Strong neuter
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sheep to sheep
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Weak masculine
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oxe to oxen (no vowel change)
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Mutated Plural
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i-mutation (mouse to mice)
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What verb kept the distinction between past tense plural and singular?
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to be
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Latin on the continent
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wine, wall, cheap, beer, street
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Dative
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indirect object, object of preposition
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Latin through Celtic
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cross, chester
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Accusative
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direct object
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Latin through church
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alter, mass, candle, deacon
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Noun system in Old English
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Gender, number, case
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Strong masculine diclension
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our modern day plural and possessive came from this
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Words from Celtic
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hog, dun, Avon, Dondon, bin
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Strong neuter
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sheep to sheep
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Major source of loanwords into OE
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Latin
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Weak masculine
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oxe to oxen (no vowel change)
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Words from Indo-European, Germanic
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Gast, god, hlaford, biddan, halig
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Mutated Plural
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i-mutation (mouse to mice)
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Most common words order
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SVO
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What verb kept the distinction between past tense plural and singular?
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to be
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Latin on the continent
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wine, wall, cheap, beer, street
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Latin through Celtic
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cross, chester
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Latin through church
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alter, mass, candle, deacon
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Words from Celtic
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hog, dun, Avon, Dondon, bin
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Major source of loanwords into OE
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Latin
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Words from Indo-European, Germanic
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Gast, god, hlaford, biddan, halig
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Dative
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indirect object, object of preposition
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Most common words order
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SVO
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Accusative
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direct object
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Noun system in Old English
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Gender, number, case
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Strong masculine diclension
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our modern day plural and possessive came from this
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Strong neuter
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sheep to sheep
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Weak masculine
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oxe to oxen (no vowel change)
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Mutated Plural
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i-mutation (mouse to mice)
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What verb kept the distinction between past tense plural and singular?
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to be
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Latin on the continent
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wine, wall, cheap, beer, street
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Latin through Celtic
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cross, chester
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Latin through church
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alter, mass, candle, deacon
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Words from Celtic
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hog, dun, Avon, Dondon, bin
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Major source of loanwords into OE
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Latin
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Words from Indo-European, Germanic
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Gast, god, hlaford, biddan, halig
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Most common words order
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SVO
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