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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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three primary reasons for early civilizations to interact with the ocean
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food gathering
discovering new lands trade |
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Eratostenens' two major contributions
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the first lat/long system and calculating the Earth's circumference
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meridian
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longitude line
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prime meridian (0 degrees) runs through
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Greenwich, England
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latitude lines
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run parallel
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0 degrees parallel
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equator
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how to the voyages of James Cook differ from those of sea explorers before him?
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science and exploration was their only goal
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the invention of what was a major breakthrough for open-ocean navigation?
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chronometer
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The Cook expedition geographical discoveries include
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Hawaii
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who is the father of physical oceanography because of his studies of currents and other physical aspects of the sea?
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Matthew Maury
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what does Darwin's hypothesis explain?
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coral reefs form through a process of coral grown as the seafloor subsides
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What theories did Darwin propose as a result of his observations during the HMS Beagle expedition
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the theory of natural selection
the theory of evolution of species |
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what expedition is commonly recognized as the first revoted entirely to marine science
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the Challenger expedition
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what discoveries and accomplishments were made by the HMS Challenger?
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-first soundings deeper than 4000 meters
-discovering marine organisms in the deep ocean -sampling and illustrating plankton -documenting physical, chemical, geological, and biological information in 362 stations in 36 million square kilometers of ocean |
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What change led to the growth and expansion of marine sciences in the 20th century?
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the Industrial Revolution
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what do we recognize the German Meteor expedition for?
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mapping the Atlantic seafloor
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What is significant about the Atlantis?
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the first ship constructed specially for marine science.
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Submersibles and self-contained diving changed the study of the oceans by allowing scientists to
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-pick specific samples
-take living samples without killing them -directly observe organism behaviors -directly observe phenomena in their natural setting |
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Types of submersible that have been used for underwater research
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bathyspheres
bathyscaphes deep-diving submersibles |
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What kind of technology has expanded underwater research by bridging the gap between submersible and scuba capabilities?
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ROV and AUV
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what has made navigation significantly more accurate?
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Loran-C and then later the GPS
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