History Of Latin America

Front 1

What is the name given to the Spanish struggle against the Moors

Back 1

Reconquista

Front 2

Where were the Maya to be found – name of modern day country.

Back 2

Guatemala
Mexico
Honduras

Front 3

List one of the major achievements of the Maya

Back 3

-numerical system and math concepts
-calendars- two of them
-art> pyramids/temples/sculpture/painting
-written language

Front 4

What is an ayllu

Back 4

the basic political and social units of pre-Inca and Inca life

Front 5

Name the mountain retreat built by the Incas

Back 5

Machu Picchu

Front 6

Who were the King and Queen who sponsored Columbus

Back 6

King Ferdinand II of Aragon
Queen Isabella I of Castile

Front 7

Where was Columbus born and name his three ships. Where did he first set up a settlement in the New World

Back 7

Genoa
Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina
??? Hispanola ???

Front 8

Name of the discoverer of Brazil. What was his original mission.

Back 8

Pedro Alvares Cabral, en route to India
(then next: Treaty of Tordesillas 1494)

Front 9

How many captaincies were granted by the Portuguese Crown. Name the most successful captaincy. What was the first capital of Brazil

Back 9

In 1534 King John III: Donatory System granted 12 individuals 15 hereditary captaincies
Duarte Coelho, with Pernambuco and shipping industry most successful

Front 10

Name the men who were slave hunters and opened the interior of Brazil

Back 10

Bandierantes

Front 11

Give one reason for the shift in exports from brazilwood to sugar

Back 11

Excessive exploitation led to decrease
or
Slave trade opened up labour intensive sugar industry

Front 12

Name the Aztec god who was to return after 52 years

Back 12

Quetzalcoatl
remember Malinche

Front 13

Who were the conquerors of the Aztecs and Incas

Back 13

Spaniards: Cortez and Pizarro

Front 14

Name the last Aztec emperor. What was the Aztec capital.

Back 14

Moctezuma II or Moctezuma or Montezuma
in
Tenochtitlan

Front 15

Name of the agency which oversaw all aspects of life in the New World, based in Spain.

Back 15

The Crown

Front 16

Name of the agency which oversaw trade. What was the major political division in the Spanish Empire.

Back 16

??? Council of Indies???

Front 17

Give 2 reasons why a handful of Spaniards won two empires

Back 17

Technology
Disease

Front 18

What is the name of the system by which groups of Indians were granted to Spaniards.

Back 18

Encomienda
Latifundia

Front 19

Who was the first priest to speak out against the treatment of the Indians and got the Laws of Burgos passed in 1512

Back 19

Antonio de Montesinos

Front 20

Who was granted the title of Protector of the Indians in 1516. In which country did he attempt to set up an experimental model colony.

Back 20

Bartolome de las Casas (1474-1567)

Front 21

Name 2 reasons why creoles were willing to break ties with the mother country.

Back 21

Economic frustration with Spanish trade and taxation
Exclusive political upward mobility

Front 22

Who took up the fight to achieve independence after the defeat of Father Miguel Hidalgo.

Back 22

JOSE MARIA MORELOS

Front 23

What was Hidalgo’s rallying cry. One reason for the failure of his rebellion.

Back 23

Grito de Delores
alienated creoles
assumed pure support

Front 24

Name one of the Three Guarantees offered to creoles in Mexico.

Back 24

1.Independance
2.Unity- preferably under a monarch
3.Religion- supremacy of the RC church

Front 25

Under which leader did Mexico declare its independence

Back 25

King Ferdinand VII

Front 26

To which Caribbean country was Simon Bolivar exiled. Where was Bolivar born.

Back 26

born in Caracas, Venezuela
exiled to Jamaica

Front 27

Fill in the blank. The Congress of ........................................... was called by Bolivar in 1819 in an attempt to institutionalise the rebellion.

Back 27

Angostura

Front 28

The ........................................... were the cowboys who roamed the plains of Venezuela. They eventually switched sides and fought with Bolivar.

Back 28

Llaneros

Front 29

Who is given credit for liberating Chile and Argentina.

Back 29

Jose San Martin

Front 30

In which city did the two great liberators of Latin America meet.

Back 30

Guayaquil

Front 31

Which European nation oversaw the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil. What event precipitated this exodus.

Back 31

United Kingdom
The Cortes in Lisbon 1820

Front 32

Give one reason why Dom Pedro I chose to declare independence from Portugal. On the banks of which river was the declaration made.

Back 32

Iiranga
Independance or death!

Front 33

Name one provision of the Constitution enacted under Dom Pedro I. This Constitution was to last until the fall of the Monarchy .

Back 33

1.Two chamber parliament. Limited franchise based on property and incom qualifications. Monarch chose life-time senate members
2.Emperor could appoint ministers,governors,bishops

Front 34

Give one reason for the fall of Dom Pedro I in 1831.

Back 34

2.Alienated landowners by agreeing in 1826 to abolish slave trade in 1830. A British demand

Front 35

Suggest one reason why fazendeiros were so fearful of abolitionist movements in Brazil.

Back 35

1.theories of racial superiority popular in late 19th century (Spencer's Darwinis...or Social Darwinism)
2.desire for a cheap labour supply

Front 36

What was the major export crop in Brazil from the 1830s onwards. In what major regions was that crop grown.

Back 36

Rio, Coffee

Front 37

Who was the leader of the abolitionist movement in Brazil, he was the author of O abolicionismo.

Back 37

Joaquim Nabuco

Front 38

In which year did Brazil finally abolish slavery (It had been abolished in the British Empire since 1834)

Back 38

Golden Law of May 13, 1888

Front 39

Name one way in which abolition of slavery proved to be beneficial to fazendeiros.

Back 39

???

Front 40

Who is the founder of the doctrine of ‘positivism’. What was one of its tenets that was attractive to republicans in Brazil.

Back 40

Auguste Comte

Front 41

Which countries allied against Paraguay in the War of Triple Alliance (Paraguayan War)

Back 41

Paraguay versus
Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay

Front 42

What were two reasons why the Brazilian army was unhappy with Dom Pedro II.

Back 42

war 1865-1870...Brazil VS. Paraguay...not well conducted- lengthy post war military pay reduced, ignored...and then
1879 bill reduces military SIZE

Front 43

What is the name of the theories which declared the Pope’s supremacy and authority in matters of religion that swept Europe after 1848.

Back 43

Ultramontanism

Front 44

Why was the alliance between Church and the Monarchy in Brazil broken between 1873 and 1875.

Back 44

1873 ultramontane bishop of OLINDA, Dom Vital de Oliveira
and bishop of PARA, Dom Antonio Macedo Costa

Front 45

which year did the Brazilian Monarchy fall.

Back 45

March 1824 Last of Portuguese surrender; Brazilian Constitution
August 1825 Portuguese recognize independance
April 1831 Pedro I abdicated

Front 46

What is the name of the “iron marshal” of Brazil who consolidated the republic

Back 46

Floriano Vieira Peixoto
Second President
Veteran of Triple Alliance War

Front 47

Which country delayed its recognition of the new republic in deference to Dom Pedro II.

Back 47

Russia

Front 48

What were two of the major characteristics of the new republic till the end of the century.

Back 48

Latifundia
Foreign debt increasing

Front 49

Name two of the three states which dominated Brazilian political and economic life at the end of the nineteenth century.

Back 49

USA
UK
Germany

Front 50

Which two countries provided most white immigrants to Brazil at the close of the century.

Back 50

Italy and Portugal

Front 51

What was the major political division in the Spanish Empire.

Back 51

*The Crown
*Council of Indies
*Viceroys
*Audienca
*Cabildos

Front 52

*Council of Indies

Back 52

(based in Spain)- chartered in 1524, great nobles, court favorites, later predominately lawyers...Supreme legislativve, judicial and executive body...nominated high colonial officials, framed legislation for the Indies...

Front 53

*Viceroys

Back 53

Captains General- viceroyalty of: new spain, peru, guatemala, venezuela, cuba, and chile..etc...more with more population- same function, differed extent jurisdiction assigned..Supreme civil and military officer

Front 54

*Audienca

Back 54

highest court of appeal...served as viceroys coucil of state consisted of Peninsulares (born in Spain- versus Creoles {whites born new world})

Front 55

*Corregidor

Back 55

oralcalde major- some appointed by viceroy, others by crown...possessed supreme judicial and political power in districts... represented royal interest in town councils

Front 56

*Cabildos

Back 56

- town councils- members called regidores...cabildo abieto and general assembly of prominent citizens called to discuss urgent matters

Front 57

Residencia

Back 57

All royal officials were subject to a residencia (judicial review)at the end of their term of office

Front 58

JOSE MARIA MORELOS

Back 58

*inherited Hidalgo's legacy
*mestizo rural priest- like Hidalgo- was underpaid and overworked
*Program:
1.Nationalism (or NATIVISM?): declared American independant of Spain. Accused Spanish of enslaving the native population and stifling Mexico's national development (your economic policy makes us poor- immoral...Spanish imcompetence stifling economy)
2.Social change- abolition of class and racial barriers
3.Land reform- lands should be owned by those who work them
4.Church- support for the RC religion sustained through tithes
Declared independance on 6 November 1813

Front 59

Limpieza de Sangre

Back 59

(purity of blood)= transfer of all bad habits from Spain- NO MOORISH blood- guarded, jealousy,

Front 60

Cities:

Back 60

churches and plazas- often combined...
wealth from mines, etc...

Front 61

Haciendas:

Back 61

jail, hospital, priest, grain, livestock- don't need to go to city often...villages surrounding swallowed as labour force as land attainment
more land - more prestige

often wasteful use of land and merely a status symbol bankrupting many creole families...(still some successfull farming though)

Front 62

Bourbon Reforms of 1759

Back 62

1.Encouraged migration of Spaniards and worsened tensions between Iberians and Creoles
2.Attempts to increase revenue worsened conditions for all classes in colonial America

Front 63

Creole Grievances

Economic

Back 63

-limited free trade policy- Spanish inefficient and inadequate
-taxes- especially alcabala or sales tax hindered commercial prosperity
...taxes on marketing animals, sugar, spirits, etc...
MERCANTILISM

Front 64

Creoles VS. Iberians

Stratification

Back 64

around 1800 about 40K Iberians out of white population about 3.2M
Creoles excluded from high office: government, church, and business
170 viceroys appointed in America until 1813 only 4 Creoles
Of the 606 bishops/archbishops...only 105 were Creole

Front 65

Causes- triggers in ripe environment

Back 65

1.Agrarian crises
2.Rigid social structure
3.Sequestration of Church Wealth

Front 66

MIGUEL HIDALGO Y COSTILLA

Back 66

*creole priest
*close ties to rural masses
*16 Sept. 1810 issued GRITO DE DOLORES at the head of an army/horde of 60K...Adopted popular causes to appeal to the masses
ex.:...
1.Seizure of European/peninsular property...
2.Abolition of Indian tribute...
3.Abolition of slavery (for black support)...
4.Restoration of lands to Indians- does a creole care about them..

Front 67

Strategies>JMM differed from Hidalgo in three major ways (learn from mistakes):

Back 67

1.Actively sought support of creoles...promised propery would be respected
2.Stressed the need for rigid discipline among his forces- better trained and equipped- DISCIPLINE (preceding Bolivar & San Martin)
3.Attempted to legalize and institutionalize his revolt by raising revenue through reforming tax systems and presented program for approval at the Congress of Chilpancingo
4.Abandoned any plan (real or imagined) of bringing over Ferdinand VII to be head of State (popular support for a 'real' emperor0
Revolution from above- not grassroots- Creoles scared to support
failed- like Hidalgo- because of lack of creole support...they wanted independance on their own terms...Morelos captured,found guilty of heresy and treason and shot on 22 Dec. 1815

Front 68

Consequences...of Hidalgo and Morelos actions

Back 68

1.Six years of war brought Mexican economy to virtual standstill
2.A large professional army created- including indian and mestizo troops
3.Revolution moved into hands of creoles (hijacked)
4.Morelos' humane campaign calmed fears of many and brought more creoles into the independance camp

Front 69

de Iturbide a creole officer emerges as leader. Proposals for independance coalesced in PLAN OF IGUALA which offered 3 guarantees:

Back 69

1.Independance
2.Unity- preferrably under a monarch
3.Religion- supremacy of the RC church
(Reform according to status quo- step by step change....)
plan apperaed to appeal to everyone
a>appealed to church with promise to conserve their property,priviledges, and religion
b>appealed to military because they ere personally acquainted with Iturbide. Foresaw hounours being bestowed on Military
c>appealed to landowners and office holders by preserving their status
d>appealed to guerillas warfare still fighting for independance
Plan promised
declares himself emperor

Front 70

Cortes

Back 70

1.Issued decrees from Lisbon abolishing central gov't in Rio
2.Brazilians excluded from political and military offices
3.Brazilian representatives to Cortes were greeted with derision and virtually ignored
4.New troops ordered to Pernambuco and Rio- an indication that the Cortes would not compromise
5.Economic policy- Cortes wished to re-introduce old mercantilist system (protectionist)
6.Dom Pedro I ordered to return to Europe to complete his education

Front 71

Reasons for downfall Pedro I

Back 71

1.High-handed and autocratic.Dissolved parliament at will.Abused power of appointment (portuguese born friends)
2.Alienated landowners by agreeing in 1826 to abolish slave trade in 1830. A British demand
3.Engaged in a disastrous war with Argentina over Uruguay
4.Used Brazil's money to support daughter's claim to the Portuguese throne (Maria da Gloria)
Also: belief that Emperor's infidelity and fathering an illegitamate child contributed death of his popular wife. Believed she grieved to death.

Front 72

DOM PEDRO II- in power 48yrs

Back 72

- in power 48yrs
Able to bring stability to nation for two reasons
1.character of Monarch himself-enlightened attitude-an understanding of his more limited role in mid 19 century
2.skilful use of the poder moderator (moderating power). Alternated power between two political parties, the Liberals and Conservatives.

Front 73

Fall of Dom Pedro II

Back 73

a)tradition
b)hereditary nobility
c)clergy with the same interest
d)a military spirit with a responsive and adequate army (gotta have armed loyal support)
e)a general belief that the Monarch held some mysticl power derived from the Divine Right of Kings

Front 74

Brazil at end of Empire

Back 74

-Societal structure remained vitually unchanged although slavery had been abolished
-Middle/Entrepreneurial class fledgling
-Masses disenfranchised tenant farmers
-LATIFUNDIA remained
- Education limited
-Foreign debt increasing
-Transport still inadequate

birth of owing money to agencies

Front 75

When was the Monroe Doctrine declared.

Back 75

1823, President James Munroe

Front 76

Name the future American President who participated actively in the Spanish American
War.

Back 76

Theodore 'Teddy' Roosevolt

Front 77

What is a mule.

Back 77

A carrier of illegal drugs (sometimes innocent, sometime a body, sometimes just a smuggler)

Front 78

What are the initials of the group which captured Betancourt and kept her prisoner for
seven years.

Back 78

F.A.R.C.

Front 79

Name one of the two Latin American countries which are most famous for launching
dirty wars against its citizens in the last decades of the twentieth century.

Back 79

The Rio de la Plata region: Argentina and Uruguay

Front 80

In which country did the rescue of Ingrid Betancourt take place.

Back 80

Colombia

Front 81

Which elected president did General Augusto Pinochet overthrow.

Back 81

Salvador Allende

Front 82

For how many days was the world on edge during the Missile Crisis.

Back 82

Thirteen

Front 83

From where did the Americans agree to withdraw missiles as part of the deal to end the Missile Crisis.

Back 83

Jupiter missiles in Asia Minor, specifically: Turkey

Front 84

In which country was Che Guevara captured and executed.

Back 84

Bolivia

Front 85

What do the intials UFCo stand for?

Back 85

United Fruit Company

Front 86

What is the name of the British naturalist who refined the theory of survival of the fittest.

Back 86

Charles Darwin's first publication 'The Origin of Species'

Front 87

What kind of economic strategy did the Chicago Boys advocate

Back 87

Neo-liberalism
Chicago scholars influenced by Milton Friedman who advocated Liberalism (strategy 100 years old that failed...miserably)

Front 88

What do the initials IMF stand for. What do the initials NAFTA stand for.

Back 88

International Monetary Fund
North American Free Trade Agreement

Front 89

What is one reason why NAFTA is criticized.

Back 89

A lack of national autonomy- over resources, commodity, currency, and by proxy, economy.

Front 90

Who is the President of Venezuela and what is that country’s principal export.

Back 90

Hugo Chavez, influenced greatly by Simon Bolivar and Fidel Castro.
Oil

Front 91

Which Latin American president was present at the G20 summit held in England in April 2009. His country has now become a creditor nation to the IMF for the
first time since the 1980s.

Back 91

Luiz (Lula) de Silva (who cannot be re-elected this year in Brazilian elections

Front 92

Of which Latin American country is (Juan) Evo Morales the president since 2006.

Back 92

Bolivia

Front 93

Other than the sale of drugs, name one way in which guerrilla groups financed their
activities in Latin America.

Back 93

Kidnapping foreigners

Front 94

Name the country which was governed by Carlos Menem and which he led into hyperinflation and a near collapse of that country’s economy because of the
implementation of the Chicago Boys’ strategy.

Back 94

Argentina
the country has done quite well recently, under the Kirchners

Front 95

Where would we find the Cali cartel.

Back 95

Southern Colombia

Front 96

What is the capital of Brazil. Name two of its most prosperous states.

Back 96

Capital: Brasilia
Prosperous provinces: Sao Paulo and Paraná

Front 97

What is the country of birth of Rigoberta Menchu, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.

Back 97

Guatemala

Front 98

Who was president of the United States who authorized support for the coup against the Chilean president on 11 September 1973.

Back 98

Richard Nixon

Front 99

Name one group which welcomed the coup led by Pinochet.

Back 99

International Telephone & Telegraph

Front 100

Name the archbishop who gave his life because of his belief in Liberation Theology. In which country was he murdered.

Back 100

Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez
(Óscar Romero)
in El Salvador

Front 101

What do the initials OAS stand for.

Back 101

Organization of American States

Front 102

Name one form of punitive action which the United States adopted against Cuba.

Back 102

Travel restrictions on U.S. tourists and Cuban-Americans family visitation
Import measures (limits on sugar, no cigars)

Front 103

Which American President first drew up plans for the Bay of Pigs invasion.

Back 103

Dwight Eisenhower

Front 104

Suggest one reason for the failure of the radical Left in Latin America in the C20th.

Back 104

Foreign Interventions

Front 105

Who am I? I helped to defeat Maximilian in Mexico and became President. I am a liberal and noted for my honesty.

Back 105

Benito Juárez

Front 106

Who am I? I was surrounded by the cientificos and they advised me that I should adopt a scientific approach to ruling Mexico. I went into exile in 1911.

Back 106

Porfirio Diaz

Front 107

Name the two major combatants in the Mexican Revolution who gained the support of the peasants and the ‘cowboys’.

Back 107

Pancho Villa
Pascual Orozco
aided by
Emiliano Zapata

Front 108

When was Mexico’s constitution proclaimed? What other major world event took place in the same year.

Back 108

1917
World War I: The United States declares war on Germany.
Russian February Revolution

Front 109

Name the Mexican president who is known as the father of Mexican nationalism. He
was saved from retribution because of the impending world war.

Back 109

Francisco I. Madero
or
Victoriano Huerta (most likely)

Front 110

In which year did the American Civil War end.

Back 110

1865

Front 111

Name the President of the Naval College whose ideas were instrumental in shaping American military strategy at the end of the nineteenth century.

Back 111

ugh.
George Bancroft?
Stephen Luce?

Front 112

When was the Spanish-American War. Name one territory which was ceded to the US.

Back 112

Commencement: 1898
Phillipines

Front 113

Which country was saddled with the Platt Amendment.

Back 113

Cuba
(Cuban relations with the American State)

Front 114

Which American President instituted the Good Neighbour Policy.

Back 114

F.D.R.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt