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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Language
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systematic and conventional means of human communication by way of vocal sounds
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Phonology
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sounds of a language and the study of these sounds
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Phonetics
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study of speech sounds, whether phonetic or not
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Phonemics
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Study of Phonemes
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Phonemes
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smallest speech unit that can distinguish one word or group of words from another in a language system
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Morphology
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study of the combination of stems and affixes to form words
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Morphemes
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smallest meaningful unit of a language
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bound form morpheme
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morpheme that occurs only as a part of a larger form ,
example = -s in lamps |
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affixes
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bound(not an independent word) such as a prefix or suffix, added to the base, stem or root.
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inflectional affix
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affix used to indicate an inflection
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derivational affix
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affix used to form a new word by derivation
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syntax
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way in which words are arranged to form phrases, clauses, and sentences: word order or structure of sentences
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lexicon
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total inventory (including words) of the morphemes of langugage
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semantics
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study of the meaning of language
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graphics
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in linguistics, the study of writing systems.
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grapheme
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single unit in a writing system; loosely, a letter of an alphabet
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fusion
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process where by formerly distinct forms become "fused"
example = hw and w in whale and white |
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fission
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process whereby variants of a single form become independent forms in their own right
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outer history
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Non-linguistic events in the lives of speakers of a language that lead to changes in the language.
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inner history
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changes within a language that cannot be attributed directly to external forces
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reflexes
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result of the historical development of an earlier form.
example = oak is a reflex of the germanic *aik |
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OE
ME EMnE PDE |
Old English ( 449 - 1100)
Middle English ( 1100 - 1500) Early Modern English ( 1500 -1800) Present Day English ( 1800 - now) |
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prinicple of least effort
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according to this principle languague changes becuase speakers are "sloppy" and simplify their speech in various ways.
example = going to changes to gonna |
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denotation
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basic, specific, literal meaning of a word or phrase as oppposed to its emotional meaning
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connotation
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emotional meaning of a word; its implications suggestions, or associations
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pejoration
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semantic change for the worse/aka degeneration
example = in OE saelig menat "happy, blessed" its PDE derivative silly means "foolish" |
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amelioration
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change to a more favorable meaning
example = English word croon, hum sing softly borrowed from Middle Dutch kronen, groan lament |