History Of Earth And Life Test 2

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Absolute dating

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is the process of determining a specific date for an archaeological or palaeontological site or artifact.

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Alpha decay

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emission, loss of two protons and two neutrons, automatic mass decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2

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Anorthosite

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is a phaneritic, intrusive igneous rock characterized by a predominance of plagioclase feldspar (90–100%), and a minimal mafic component (0–10%). Pyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, and olivine are the mafic minerals most commonly present.

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Beta decay

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lossof an electron, atomic mass unchanged, atomic number increases by 1

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Bracketing method

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Absolute ages of sedimentary rock can be determined by dating associated ingenous rock

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carbon 14 dating

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dating technique is based on the ratio of C14 to C12- use to date once living material. younger then 70,000 years

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Convection

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is the movement of molecules within fluids, heat

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Convergent boundary

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is an actively deforming region where two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide.

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Divergent boundary

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is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.

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Electron capture

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is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom and insufficient energy to emit a positron,inverse beta decay,

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Fission track dating

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is a radiometric dating technique based on analyses of the damage trails, or tracks, left by fission fragments in certain uranium-bearing minerals and glasses.

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Fissure eruption

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A volcanic eruption where lava wells up through fissures in the earth's crust and spreads over a large area

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Half life

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is the period of time it takes for a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half.

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Hot spot

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s a portion of the Earth's surface that may be far from tectonic plate boundaries and that experiences volcanism due to a rising mantle plume ( hawaii )

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Isotope

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each having a different number of neutrons.

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Linear Magnetic anomalies

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Earth’s magnetic field periodically “flips,” or reverses polarity, those lines

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Magnetization

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force that make something with magnitude

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Orogeny

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refers to forces and events leading to a severe structural deformation of the earth's crust due to the engagement of tectonic plates. (mountains)

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Pillow- lavas (basalts)

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When basalt erupts underwater or flows into the sea, basalts- rocks

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Principle of faunal succession

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is based on the observation that sedimentary rock strata contain fossilized flora and fauna, and that these fossils succeed each other vertically in a specific, reliable order that can be identified over wide horizontal distances.vertical of matirals that match

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Principle of inclusions

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things inside is younger then whats around

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Radioactive decay

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s the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation.

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Regolith

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s a layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock.

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Relative dating

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dating by events

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Subduction

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is the process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate

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transform boundary

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is a fault(fracture) which runs along the boundary of a tectonic plate.

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Transform fault

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transform boundary , is a fault(fracture) which runs along the boundary of a tectonic plate.

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Wilson cycle

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describes the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust

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spreading

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occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.

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Homogenous accretion

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yields a planet that initially has the same composition from centre to surface;

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Formation

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principle name for the rock unit in geology, distinct unit of rocks that can be maped

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Rifting

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s a place where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart[

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Granulites

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are fine to medium–grained metamorphic rocks that have experienced high temperatures of metamorphism

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Iron catastrophe

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t this point, the denser iron and nickel evenly distributed throughout the mass, sank to the centre of the planet to form the core -

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Mafic

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is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron

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Shields

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is generally a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas. middle parts of the plate ( stable)

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Solar Nebula

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he disc-shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the Sun's formation

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Archean

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is a geologic eon before the Proterozoic

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Hadean

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s the geologic eon before the Archean, the underworld

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Ophilites

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s a section of the Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted or emplaced to be exposed within continental crustal rocks.

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Lithosratigrapic

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s a sub-discipline of stratigraphy, the geological science associated with the study of strata or rock layers

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Greenstone belts

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are zones of variably metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic volcanic sequences with associated sedimentary rocks that occur within Archaean and Proterozoic cratons between granite and gneiss bodies.

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Sialic

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is the upper layer of the Earth's crust made of rocks rich in silicates and aluminium minerals. It is sometimes equated with the continental crust because it is absent in the wide oceanic basins

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Tidal friction

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s an effect of the tidal forces between an orbiting natural satellite (e.g. the Moon), and the primary planet that it orbits (e.g. the Earth).