• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/152

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

152 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Gracchus brothers
Two brothers(that attempted to overthrow the senate both were assassinated. The older TIberius was mad at the senate for not passing his legislation and when it did not pass in the plebs he decided to try and do it by force. His brother Gaius upon the assasination of Tiberius decided to finish what his brother started and eventually he and 3000 supporters were killed in a riot
Judas Maccabeus
Father, Mattathias, denied Antiochus IV decree to worship only pagan gods. JM led the Maccabean revolt. The day they captured Jerusalem and cleansed the temple is now commemorated as Hanukkah
Julius Caesar
Cesaerean section named after him. Ordered by the senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges. Caesar marched from Gaul to Italy with his legions to stop Pompey, crossing the Rubicon 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world
Laocoön and His Sons
a sculpture that depicts the story of a Trojan priest who, along with his sons, tried to warn the Greeks not to accept the Trojan horse. Poseidon, who hated the Trojans, did not want to plan of the Greeks to be foiled, so he sent snakes to Laocoon to kill him. Great emotion and action- typical Hellenistic style.
Mark Anthony
was Caesar's chief assistant. He and Octavian successfully defeated the conspirators and began to rule Rome together. Lost support of the people because of his affair with Cleopatra.
Mattahias
denied the decree sent out by Antiochus IV that forbade Jews from worshiping their God. Gathered a following that openly rebelled agaisnt Antiochus. Later rebellion taken over by his son, Judas Maccabeus
Maximus
(Hellenised as Maximos) is the Latin term for "greatest" or "largest"
Mecca
Birth place of the prophet Mohammed. Originally an important religious site for the pagan and tribal Arabs. Mohammed would later capture this city and establish an Islamic community. Place where the Ka’ba is located which is the holiest site in Islam.
Medina
Originally known as the city of Yathrib, but eventually Mohammed converted enough of the regions population that the city was renamed to Medina, meaning “City of the Prophet”. Place of the first muslim community. Also place of the first mosque.
Messiah
the anointed one, Jew’s promised deliverer. Son of God, Jesus Christ
Mohammed
Islam’s great prophet. During the month of Ramadan went up into Mount Hira to contemplate. There the angel Gabriel visited him and gave him instructions that later became the Qur’an. Originally lived in Mecca but had to flee to Yathrib for fear for his life. There he taught people and became a great prophet so much that they renamed the city Medina meaning “City of the Prophet”. When he had gathered enough followers he attacked the city of Mecca and smashed all the pagan statues.
Mosque
means “place of kneeling”
Muslim
One who surrenders or submits his will to Allah”. One who believes in the religion of Islam.
Nicene Council
declared that God the Son was begotten of the Father’s substance, that God is one object in Himself and three objects to Himself, and that the Trinity is the fundamental miracle of the world.
Nike Revolt
“victory”. The revolt that happened in the Hippodrome against Justinian for imprisoning the leaders of two chariot racing groups. His actions of slaughtering all the rebels at once was considered one of the bloodiest thing ever decreed by an emperor against his own people.
Oculus
The opening at the top of the Pantheon in the rotunda that allowed natural light to enter.
Optimates
believed old rules and gov structure were important to maintain, since they reflected the values of Rome; piety, bravery, discipline, frugality, absence of greed, never fighting wars of aggression, and never quiting in the face of adversity
Origen
many gentile converts didn't know many answers about their religion, so they would revert to their old ways to interpret the scripture. The church father, Origen, based on their teachings on Greek philosophy.
Ottomans
major power in Islam after the Abbasids. Conquered the entire byzantine empire
Parchment
Tanned animal skins which were bound on one side to form what is now a book
Peripatetics
Another name for the Aristotelians mean “those that wander around” because they wandered the world seeking knowledge
Pharisees
They would not accommodate the Greeks, they believed in strict observance of the law and also believed in ressurrection
Philip of Macedonia
father of Alexander the Great
Plebians
the non land holders: artisans, merchants, soldiers, tenant farmers and other common people of Rome
Pliny
Christians should not be persecuted but rather ignored. And if they offer a sacrifice then they will be let go.
Pompey
(The City that was destroyed by the erruption of mt Vesuvius was Pompeii.) Pompey was a popular Roman general who, together with Julius Caesar and Crassus ruled Rome as the unofficial triumvirate. After Crassus died Pompey and Caesar warred for power, and Pompey was eventually killed in Egypt while fleeing Caesar.
Pontifex Maximus
the chief religous official of Rome. elected by patricians
1 year term. set the religious calendar, selected priests, selected vestal vergins, and conducted judicial proceedings against members of the priesthood
Pantheon
It was a temple to all the ancient gods of rome, it has the rotunda and the oculus.
Pontius Pilate
Was the roman leader that authorized the Crucifixion of christ
Populares
were aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who relied on the people's assemblies and tribunate to acquire political power. They are regarded in modern scholarship as in opposition to the optimates, who are identified with the conservative interests of a senatorial elite. The populares themselves, however, were also of senatorial rank and might be patricians or noble plebeians.
Praetorian Guard
first professional guard of the roman empire created by Augustus
Principate
is the period of rule of ceaser augustus(pg166)
Proconsul
new position made for ceasar augustus similar to that of the consul where he was derecting all foreign affairs but also had much say in the day to day of rome
Ptolemy
Roman scientist who identified the orbits of the planets(the defferent and epicycles) and was fairly accurate as to their position in the sky but still had everything rotating about the earth.
Ptolemaic kingdom
It was founded when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt, creating a powerful Hellenistic state stretching from southern Syria to Cyrene and south to Nubia.
Punic wars
War between carthage and the roman empire it is a set of three wars and marked the change of power from carthage to rome, these were the first wars of expansion for rome
Pyrrhus
This king attacked italy early in the roman empire and he won easily at first but had to wait for the winter and when he attacked rome in the spring he was met with a bigger army but was able to defeat them but had to stop again for winter the third time they won again and although he won the loss of men was to great so he sailed back to greece
Qur’an (Koran)
Islamic teachings which were conveyed to mankind through a man named Mohammad
Ravenna
Emporer Honorius decided to move the captial of the west from Rome to Ravenna, a seaport on the Adriatic coast
Ramadan
Holy month during which members of Islam fast during daylight (from food, water and other worldly pleasures)
Romulus Augustus
He was the last emporer of the western rome who transported his isignia and office to the east upon his defeat by the ostrogoths
Rubicon
river that was the division of the roman empire and italy if any general crossed it it was punishable by death. Julius ceaser had a vision of victory and proceeded anyway. said “the die is cast” when he crossed.
St. Augustine
He was a sinner and did not believe but eventually was converted and he wrote CIty of God as well as Confession, he is also responsible for the doctrine of Original Sin
St. Benedict
Wrote the rules that govern modern Roman Catholic Monasticism
Stoicism
The Stoics considered destructive (any, really) emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions
Sunnis
Was the first group to rule after the death of mohammad believed that any just man could serve as the leader of islam. They opposed the shiites and ALI
Tacitus
Was a great roman historian, wrote his histories to be entertaining and included is own feelings. He was not objective like the great historian thucydides had been.
Taj Mahal
Perhaps the most famous Islamic building. Built in the sixteenth century in Agra, India by a Mughal leader as a tomb for his wife. The building is perfectly symmetrical and balanced structure made from white marble extensively and beautifully inlaid with a flower motif consisting of semi-precious stones, gold, and silver.
Talmud
the rabbinical commentaries that assist in understanding the Torah
Theodora
Wife of Justinian, encouraged Justinian to crush the Nike Revolt instead of flee
Theodoric the Goth
He was the king of the ostrogoths who took over the western part of rome, signing a treaty of non agression with the emperor of the east in constantinople. Even though he was subject to the east he was free to do as he pleased
Theodosius I
Was the roman emperor who made christianity the official religion of the state. He had to seek forgiveness after he killed almost 7000 men in the hippodome because they had revolted
Tiberius
successor of Augustus, over time he would loose the support of the senate . Eventually retiring leaving the government to sejanus who went insane, so tiberius was forced out of retirement and named Gaius his successor
Torah
Jewish scripture that refers to the five books of Moses - the entirety of Judaism’s founding legal and ethical religious texts
Trajan
Roman Emperor, who is best known for his public building expansion, he was a popular general so his victories unified the senate and the military.
Tribune
were the ten men who were elected by the plebs who oversaw the running of the city of Rome
Trimuvirate
Caesar and Crassus’ union with Pompey. They ruled Rome together. They were successful in reducing the influence of their enemies in the Senate.
Umayyad
Was a dynasty of islam, they moved the center to damascus, they were enemies to the shiites because they had defeated them in the war of the Caliphs or the four islam leaders
Vandals
A Barbarian group to enter the roman Empire. They were Germans who settled into North Africa and then invaded Italy and sacked Rome. They retired Afterwards and then ruled North Africa following the final defeat of the west in 476 A.D. It was the group that Belsarius was sent to conquer in Africa.
Vespasian
(Pg. 171) One of three Flavian emperors following the Julio Claudians. Construction of the Roman Colosseum was begun from treasury gained through taxes he imposed.
Victory at Samothrace
Famous Greek Hellenistic sculpture showing how art became more realistic and emotional from the classical period.
Asceticism
Shunning luxury and complexity while retaining some value of sensory perceptions
Abassid
a Muslim group that built the capitol in Baghdad, united the Shi’ites and gained the support of the Sunnis against the corruption that had crept into the Umayyad reign. Focused on arts, sciences, and other cultural aspect of life. Assumed control throughout all of Islam except Spain. (Abbasid Dynasty=Islam’s Golden Age)
Aeneas
Character in the Aeneid. Written by Virgil. Forced onto his Journey when Troy was destroyed. Left on a quest to find a new home for his people and Gods. His wife was killed. Shipwrecked in Carthage, Married queen Dido, left Carthage and ended up in Latium, the western coast of Italy. Married the King’s Daughter and settled down. He is a moderate Character that only does what he is forced to do by fate and circumstance. Shows that the Romans were content with the simple and the practical.
Alexander the Great
Son of Phillip II(ruler of Greece); student of Aristotle; one of leading Macedonian generals (became general at age 16) and a creative leader. His planning coupled with his intense desires for accomplishment led to his greatness. Alexander wanted world domination. Alexander’s qualities and conquests are on pages 110-114.
Alexandria
city in Egypt; rival to Antioch, known for its many libraries. All ships that stopped at the port were searched for documents, which were then copied. Rivaled with Pergamum (this rivalry led to the invention of parchment). Had a 400 ft lighthouse (one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world).
Alexandrian scientists
AKA Hellenistic scientists. (See Euclid and Archimedes)
Ali
(pg. 232) cousin of Muhammad, married to Muhammad’s daughter. Ali readily accepted the message Muhammad got from the gods (Islam). Was supported by the Shiites to be the next ruler, he is also one of the four caliphs (killed in the succession war)
Allah
word for God or Jehovah in Arabic
Appian Way
the main thoroughfare into Rome. Had durable roads that are still there today (grooves where the wagons went because it was used so much- that same width became the width for trains); Nero crucified Christians here and then set them on fire to light the way
Antiochus IV
Syrian King. Antiochus ordered that all end worship to any gods other then Zeus and the other gods of the Greek pantheon (in order to unify and completely Hellenize his empire).
Antipater
leader of the Idumaeans (a people that lived in the Levant and had interacted with the Jews). Son- Herod who later got the throne
Apocrypha
The Old Testament included some of these books (Apocrypha)
A group of books of the original old testament that was later rejected as questionable authenticity
Arabs
an ethnic group of people who can belong to a variety of religions; the majority are Muslim
Arch of Titus
(pg. 189)- single arch (memorial) in Rome, depicts sacking of Jerusalem.
Archimedes
Hellenistic scientist. Taught by pupil of Euclid. Significant contributions to: mechanics, hydraulics, warfare, mathematics, and astronomy. Found buoyancy principle. Devised scientific notation; considered his greatest work to be his geometric discoveries (which he wanted on his tomb); used “reducing the error to the limit” to calculate pi. demonstrated creativity in warfare with large crane with claw and by reflecting light off shields to ignite sails of Roman ships)
Arian Christianity
Religion which believed that Christ was only a mortal man begotten of God and reduced his role to the lesser demigod. The Goths, Egyptian Christians, and barbaric Christians of Europe practiced this. Attacked by Justin, which united the east and the west.
Attila
Leader of the Huns, a non-German tribe from central Asia. The Huns were fierce warriors who struck terror into the Germans.
Averroes
(pg. 236)- a Greek Islamic scholar, specifically a teacher and philosopher who wrote a massive commentary on Aristotle.
Avicena
(pg. 236)- a Greek Islamic scholar who advanced medical knowledge. His medical books were used as textbooks in Europe for over 500 years.
Buoyancy principle
Scientific principle found by Archimedes. He used this principle to determine if the king of Syracuse’s crown was made of pure gold or not by measuring the displacement of water of the crown and comparing it to the density of pure gold.
Belisarius
Was the general of Justinian’s who overtook Italy twice, he was always faithful to Justinian.
Benedict-
“In the sixth century St. Benedict conducted a religious revival and wrote new rules that established the basis of modern Roman Catholic monasticism” (p. 206).
Bubonic Plague
Swept through Byzantium killing 40-70% of the population during the time of justinian
Byzantine Empire
It was essentially the eastern part of the roman empire, however it only became Byzantium after the downfall of the western region in 427 AD.
Byzantium
The original city of Constantinople, was called Neo Roma or new Rome it controlled the trading routes from Europe to asia and was thriving within 6 years of creation.
Caligula
His real name was Gaius and he was named Tiberius’ successor. He was leader for only 4 years due to his increasing insanity. He was killed by the commander of the guard.
Cato
Condemned conspirators who wanted to overthrow the Republic government; see p. 143.
Censor
Magistrates who were responsible for guarding moral values of Rome; also conducted a census of the people (during which they could decide to raise a person’s status from pleb to patrician)..
Centurion
Roman commander of 100 men, had to be an experienced fighter who had come up through the ranks and had shown great personal bravery & dedication to Roman values
Chalcedonians
Believed Christ had two separate natures, one human and one divine, and they existed simultaneously, yet separately, in person of resurrected Jesus Christ.
Charlemagne
(800 AD)recognized as new Roman emperor by Catholic Church. Bestowed title as “Holy Roman Emperor” by pope. United most of Europe under his control. His kingdom was divided by his grandsons.
Cicero
Roman philosopher, orator, and consul; mostly copied Greek philosophy simplifying it for the understanding of the masses. He stuck to the strict sense of virtue of the Greeks and proposed that people inherently understood what virtue was. Disliked Julius Ceaser, loved the roman republic. “Participate but do the virtuous thing always”
Clement of Alexandria
Teacher of the school of Alexandria who had a pupil, Origen, together they rejected the appointed bishop of Alexandria, Peter. Eventually exiled when Peter regained power.
Cleopatra
Nominal co-ruler of Egypt with Ptolemy XIII, her brother and husband. After war between both Egyptian factions, Ptolemy was killed and Cleopatra remained ruler under Roman authority. Rome supported Cleopatra’s faction as a love affair began the first night Julius Caesar and Cleopatra met.
Coliseum
Roman structure, built to accommodate 50,000 spectators; today it is in partial ruin due to the Romans taking stones from it to construct other buildings.
Consul
Senate appointed 2 consuls to serve 1-year terms. Each could veto actions of the other. They had no responsibilities or powers affecting day-to-day policies of the city of Rome.
Constantine
Built city of Byzantium (renamed Constantinople). Built Large libraries, new senate. Responsible for bringing Christianity to the Roman Empire. Had a vision before going into battle, and put a Christian symbol on his soldiers shields. Oversaw Nicene Council.
Cordoba
Islamic city that had a library over 400,000 volumes. Scholars assembled here.
Crassus
Caesar made an allegiance with him. Leader of the Roman army, defeated slave revolt.
Cyril
a masculine Greek name. meaning “Lord, Masterful”
Darius
Persian emperor who was outsmarted by Alexander the Great, when Alexander charged him in battle and he fled. Alexander encountered Darius and used the same tactic. Darius fled again, resulting in the collapse of the Persian army. Darius was killed by his own troops.
Democritus
made the atomic theory. Epicureans believed that things weren’t governed by a superficial power, thus god didn’t exist.
Diaspora
Name given to the scattering of Jews by Romans. This deals with the Jewish people being exported out of Israel. This happened several times by several different empires, First being the Babylonian empire and then later in 70 A.D. by the Romans following the Jewish revolt.
Diocletian
Ended Third Century leadership crisis. Believed empire needed to be administered in two sections. Latin-speaking western part and Greek-speaker eastern part. Established augustii (each leader was an “Augustus”) leadership positions that had full authority. He became Augustus of east and name his aide, Maximian, augustus of west. Dicletian also created “Caesars” who were secondary leaders for the augustii, creating the Tetrachy. Essentially created a president and vice-president for both the east and the west. Also ordered sacrifices to be made to Roman gods or be put to death.
Dome of the Rock
Islamic mosque on the place where Mohammad ascended into heaven. This is on the temple mount in Israel. This is a point of contention for the Jewish people since they would like to have a temple in the same place.
Edict of Milan
A decree by Constantine that all religions should be respected
Eusebius
Bishop and historian of the church. Most famous for his history of the church written in the 4th century AD
Euclid
Lived in Alexandria. Set out principles of geometry in a logical system (see p. 117). Wrote textbook Elements of Geometry that was the standard textbook for study of geometry until around 1900.
Galen
Was a physician to the Romans who gained his knowledge from caring for the gladiators. Built upon concepts of Hippocrates which included using observations and notes to assist in diagnosis and that physicians have knowledge of body and purpose of organs. Believed that illness was imbalance of the four bodily fluids/humors. Put medical knowledge into 22 volumes that served as standard medical textbooks into modern era.
Greek Fire
Type of petroleum product that could be sprayed on an opposing ship and ignited resulting in great damage to enemy ships. Byzantium used it to defend seaward approaches to capital.
Gregory I (the first)
Was a pope in the 6th century whose accommodation of the pagan beliefs influenced many people to Christianity.
Hadrian
built a wall across the northern frontier of Britain. Also built extensive wooden fortifications along the Rhine and Danube Rivers. gave back part of the territory in Mesopotamia that Trajan had conquered, thought it was undefendable
Hagia Sophia
the ‘Church of Holy Wisdom’ . largest church in Christianity at the time. Found in Constantinople.
Hannibal
Famous Carthaginian general. Left Carthage and marched troops over Pyranees and Alps into Italy to battle Romans. Romans eventually attacked Carthage, which was virtually left undefended with Hannibal in Italy. Hannibal returned to Carthage in time to meet Romans, but was defeated.
Hellenism
Possibly meaning Hellenization which is the spread of Greek influences over foreign peoples (p. 109-141).
Hellenistic
period describes the era which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great. During this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its zenith in Europe and Asia. It is often considered a period of transition
Hero
Invented the “steam engine” or steam powered inventions mostly used in temples
Herod
son of Antipater. Governor of Jerusalem. An insecure ruler who killed thousands of innocent Jews.
Horatio
an example of a Roman hero, who differs from the Greek in putting the state in front of all personal matters. He was holding off an army of invading Etruscans all by himself. The bridge was collapsing, but he survived.
Horatii
the three triplets from a Roman Family. Where challenged by a neighboring tribe to a duel, with three of their warriors, the Curiatii. One Horatii brother lived, killing all three of the Curiatii. When he came back, his sister wept because of the death of her lover. Her brother killed her for having relations with the enemy.
Icons
are paintings and holy images of religious figures, considered a window to the heavenly world, so one could speak through the image to the world of divinity and thus draw closer to God.
Iconoclasts
Christians that destroyed to idols in the roman temples, literally meaning image breakers (p. 226).
Idumeans
people that lived in Levant, and had interactions with the Jews, usually as enemies. Leader was Antipater.
Imperial Church
Church where the head is the emperor or other state leader this is the same format as the church of England
Islam
2nd largest in the world. Worship Allah. Prophet= Mohammed.
Sacred book= Qur' ran.
"submission or peace". followers are called Muslims.
Istanbul
Constantinople’s new name after being captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453.
Jerome
Compiled the first set of writings of the apostles and ancient prophets his work was cannonized by the bishop of Rome.
Jihad
Personal or collective struggle that will draw Muslims closer to Allah.
Justinian
Ruler of Byzantium who had a dream of returning Rome to the glory days and waged war on the Germans and Palestinians to do it.
Justinian Code
Was the legal code developed by Justinian that is based off the roman legal system with more Christian influences.
Khadijah
wife of Mohamed who accepted his teaching quickly and was supportive of him
Legion
Roman army of the heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
Logos
Greek philosophy a force that is in everything and is indescribable it was used in the Greek translation of the new testament as “the word” in John 1:1
Marcus Aurelius
Philosopher emperor believed in the values of Cicero despite the fact that his leadership was plagued with warfare
Monophysites
Believed the resurrected Christ had only one nature. They believed the divine person of Christ took over his human nature so the human nature no longer existed.
Nero
Son of Agrippina, whose second husband was Claudius. Claudius died when Nero was 16, mother and advisor ruled people until he was 24. Married daughter of Claudius to solidify position as ruler. Took personal control of empire at age 24. He had his mother killed, forced his advisors to commit suicide, and divorced his wife and had her killed. Nero blamed the fire that burned Rome on Christians. He committed suicide in 68 A.D., two years after killing Peter and Paul.
Patricians
The part of the Roman population that owned land (land holders). this group elected the Pontifex Maximus (chief religious official of Rome)
Romulus
One of the twins of Rhea Silvia (she was raped by the God of Mars..) sentenced to be drowned by King because he was afraid the twins would take the thrown. the twins were washed ashore, raised by a she-wolf and established a city. Romulus killed his brother Remus and became first king of the city, named it Rome in his own honor.
Sadducees
Ruling Jewish priest class. Survival of Jewish people depended on their accommodation with the Greeks who ruled them.
Saladin
Kurdish leader who successfully united Islam in North Africa and the Holy land to defeat the crusaders.
Samaritans
Hated by both Christian and Jew. Under Justinian’s decrees their synagogues were destroyed and they had to convert to Christianity in order to keep family lands.
Sanhedrin
“The Jewish Court” Found Jesus guilty and took him before the Romans.
Scientific notation
A system using powers of ten to represent large numbers. ex: 11 x 10^8
Seleucid kingdom
Eastern part of the post Alexandrian kingdom. It was a major centre of Hellenistic culture.
Seneca
A famous Stoic writer. Chief advisor to young Nero
Shi’ites
The smaller of the two main Islamic sects. They believed that the new Islamic leader must be chosen by the previous leader.
Skeptics
A Plato-derived philosophy. They reject the physical side of life and sought very little.
Spartacus
He led a slave revolt against Rome. He was finally defeated by Crassus and his followers were crucified.
St. Anthony
Wrote down rules for “hermit Christians” so that they could all be unified. These rules established the origins of Christian monastic orders.
Virgil
Classical Roman poet best known for his three major works- Eclogues, Georgics, and the Aeneid. He was tall, Olive-skinned, of sturdy build and of rustic appearance.
Vulgate
a late 4th century Latin version of the Bible - Largely the results of the labors of St Jersome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I (Called Vulgate because it was rendered in the common or vulgar tongue, Latin).