History Of Creativity 2

Front 1

Ghiberti II

Back 1

Gates of Paradise
Competed with Brunelleschi (first patent ever)

Front 2

Medici Dynasty

Back 2

Took risks to gain power
-back a pirate to become pope
-Medici bank made principal bank

Front 3

Brunelleschi

Back 3

First patent ever
-Dome concept (duomo)
-Linear perspective
-Herringbone pattern

Front 4

Donatello

Back 4

Sculptures: St George, David, Mary Magdalene

Front 5

Botticelli

Back 5

Birth of Venus
Primavera

Front 6

Characteristics of early Renaissance Art

Back 6

-Realism
-Perspective
-Classical (pagan) themes
-geometrical arrangment
-Chiaroscuro
-Sfumato (softening edges)
-backgrounds
-earning commission

Front 7

Savonarola

Back 7

-Priest preaching against the Medici's outlawed every worldly thing
-Excommunicated after accusing pope of corruption, burned at the stake

Front 8

Leonardo Da Vinci

Back 8

Coded notebooks (read R-->L w/ mirror)
Madonna on the Rocks
Mona Lisa

Front 9

Michaelangelo Buonarroti

Back 9

Sculpture David
Envision works in his mind
Only signed piece of art: Pieta

Front 10

Pope Julius II

Back 10

Patron of the arts - Comissioned the Sistine Chapel and The Moses (with horns)
Nicknamed the "terrible" pope

Front 11

Raphael

Back 11

-highly popular, also commissioned by Pope Julius II
-worked with Michaelangelo with architecture of St Peters
-Painted School of Athens (large froup with lameo Michaelangelo), and Madonna of the Meadow

Front 12

Giovanni Palestrina

Back 12

-Wrote over 100 masses inc
Pope Marcellus Mass
-Buried in St. Peter’s Basilica
“The Prince of Music”

Front 13

What ended the Italian Renaissance?

Back 13

-Invasion of Rome by Charles V

Front 14

Who was Machiavelli

Back 14

-Florentine bureaucrat worked through medici and savanorola regimes
-Wrote The Prince

Front 15

Worst condition in a society is _______. Primary role of the leader is _________.

Back 15

Chaos
to Stabalize

Front 16

Summary of a Prince's duties (read up on Machiavellian thought)

Back 16

-maintain stability
-maintain change
-prepare to be non-virtuous
-liberal or stingy as required
-be loved and feard (feared 1st) but not hated
-know when to keep a promise
-appear to have good qualities
-do right when possible, but do what is required
-end will justify the means

Front 17

Things to look up in book

Back 17

Petrarch, Erasmus, Pico della Mirandola
humanism

Front 18

Wycliff and Tyndale
Jan hus (bohemia)

Back 18

heretics persecuted in England because of criticism or corrupted church

Front 19

Martin Luther

Back 19

German university student studying law frightened during rainstorm and committed to God
-Criticized Church for Indulgences, Power of the Pope, and Church intransigence
-Posted 95 Thesis

Front 20

What is the Diet of Worms?

Back 20

-Trial held by CharlesV in Worms to solve the Luther problem
-resulted in Luther being labeled a heretic and all his works being banned

Front 21

Counter Reformation?

Back 21

-Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the end of the 30 years war
-Inquisition important process as it persecuted artists, scientists, etc

Front 22

Zwingli

Back 22

Swiss pastor who was a leader in the Reformation in switzerland
-Agreed with Luther but wanted to tie religion into nationalism
-died in battle
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Front 23

Calvin

Back 23

Influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation
Developer or christian theology called calvinism
helped reform the church in geneva, introducing new forms of church gov and liturgy

Front 24

St Bartholomews day massacre

Back 24

-henry II married to Catherine d'medici-henry II married to Catherine d'medici
-Her daughter marguerite (french) to be married to henry navarre (IV) (Protestant). All the hougonouts came to Paris, and after an attempted assasination of Coligny the king feared an uprising of protestants. Then massacre

Front 25

Henry IV (of Navarre)

Back 25

-began bourbon dynasty
-Edict of Nantes (toleration)

Front 26

Read in Book about Henry VIII

Back 26

Father of Queen Elizabeth
Dissolved Papal authority
Largely Catholic, Supressed protestants
Seperated church of england and roman catholic church

Front 27

Thomas More

Back 27

English Renaisaince man who wrote Utopia -
Exectued for high treason after refusing to sign the Act of Succession

Front 28

Erasmus

Back 28

-Dutch Catholic Priest hailed as "smartest man alive"
-Supporter of humanism
-Translated Bible into Latin
-Criticized church and didn't support reformation
(saw Luther as a radical)

Front 29

Michel de Montaigne

Back 29

-French writer, invented the essay genre
-Spirit of the Renaissaince, Morality Themed

Front 30

Albrecht Durer

Back 30

-The Apocalypse
-Knight, Death, and the Devil
-St. Jerome in his cell
-Self-Portraits and study of Hands

Front 31

Brueghel

Back 31

-Peasant Life --> Peasant Wedding Feast
-Landscapes --> The Hunters in the Snow, The Triumph of Death

Front 32

Queen Elizabth's Creative solutions to problems

Back 32

-Visits to the Lords around England
-Stopped the wars
-Privateers
-Coronation Parades

Front 33

Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scotts

Back 33

-Mary married to French King, but he dies without an heir
-Elizabeth grants sanctuary to Mary, but Mary plots to kill her and is executed.

Front 34

Elizabeth's solutions to Problems with the Spanish

Back 34

-Spain in rivalry with England, but Phillip II pursues Elizabeth.
-Privateers, battle with Spanish Armada

Front 35

Elizabeth within country problems

Back 35

Promoted the Golden Age
-prosperity and liesure
-Arts (language and drama)

Front 36

Shakespeares contribution to language

Back 36

-Solidified English Language
-over 2000 new words
-coined phrases
-27000 words compared to 7000 in bible

Front 37

Concepts explored in Hamlet

Back 37

-reality vs perception
-nature of mankind
-motivations for action
-personal responsibility

Front 38

What is the Ophelia Syndrome?

Back 38

Not thinking for oneself, wanting others to tell you what to think

Front 39

Elements of Romeo and Juliet

Back 39

Pure Love
Comedy to Tragedy

Front 40

Other works we looked at by Shakespeare

Back 40

-Taming of the Shrew
-Othello
-Merchant of Venice
-Sonnet 29 and 116

Front 41

Tyndale

Back 41

First to publish bible into english from hebrew and greek texts (heavily used for king james version)
Executed for heresay, strangled then burned at the stake
-invented words in english (jehovah, passover, atonement, scapegoat)

Front 42

Hapsburg Empire

Back 42

-Traditional Rulers of Austria
-Expanded through Marraige to gain territory... mighty large lip and jaw

Front 43

Charles V

Back 43

-Ruled during the height of the Hapsburg empire
-Split the empire into 2 parts: Spain and colonies, and Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and surrounding areas

Front 44

Phillip II

Back 44

-Fought the decline of Hapsburg empire for a generations
-Problems with inflation, privateers, and destroyed armada

Front 45

What started the 30 years war?

Back 45

Defenstration of Prague (throwing guys out the window)

Front 46

Phases of 30 years war

Back 46

-Bohemia (Religious)
-Hapsburgs (Catholics)
-Germans (Protestants)
-Denmark (Religious)
-Sweden (Political and religious)
-France (Political)

Front 47

results of 30 years war

Back 47

Creation of European system of soveriegn states

Front 48

Peace of Westphalia

Back 48

-First international peace conference
-over 200 monarchs in attendance, set precedence in diplomacy

Front 49

results of Peace of Westphalia

Back 49

-no clear winner of war (just exhaustion)
-concept of strong king who ruled over soveirgn state (weakend holy roman empire and spain and strengthened France and german states)
-reduced importance of religion (encouraged protestants and catholics to ally)

Front 50

Concept of Absolutism

Back 50

-King is divinely appointed and responsible only to God
-1600s century transition from religious focus to political

Front 51

Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin

Back 51

-Chief minister to Louis VIII, basically ran kingdom
-restrained power of nobility to turn france into a stron centralized state.
-involved in 30 yrs war on protestant side. (France).
-M followed him and tried to continue his ways.

Front 52

King Louis XIV

Back 52

-Sun King
-took over from Mazarin
-L'etat est moi

Front 53

Measures Louis XIV did to acheive absolutism:

Back 53

-bureaucracy move to versailles
-nobles helped with most miniscule of daily routine

Front 54

Three pillars on which Absolutism is based:

Back 54

Loi - bureaucracy gave king legal and administrative control
Foi - Religion, repeal of Edict of Nantes to make Catholicism state religion
Roi - king given power through a standing army

Front 55

War of Spanish Succession

Back 55

-Spanish Hapsburg king died without an heir
-Resulted in Treaty of Utrecht- Bourbon king (philip II) king of Spain, but couldn't be king of France too, "balance of power" formalized.

Front 56

Model for Limited Government

Back 56

Netherlands
-restraints on absolutism through power of state
-religious and cultural toleration

Front 57

James I

Back 57

-Son of Mary I Queen of Scotts
-first stuart king of england after succeeding Elizabeth I
-relatively peaceful reign but passes on belief in the divine right of the king to Charles I

Front 58

Charles I

Back 58

Reign defined by the English civil wars (with Ireland) bc he believed in his divine right and parliament fear a tyrannical absolute monarch. He was defeated twice and tried and executed for high treason. Monarchy was abolished and the "commonwealth of England" republic was established. (Though his son Charles II was king after the monarchy was restored

Front 59

What were the parties and the results of the English Civil War?

Back 59

Cavaliers (loyalists) and Roundheads (parliamentary). Resulted in the beheading of Charles I

Front 60

Commonwealth in England

Back 60

Read in book

Front 61

The restoration

Back 61

Charles II made king
Succeeded by his brother James II upon his death (catholic)

Front 62

With James II --> conflict between king and parliament...why?

Back 62

the king was catholic and parliament was Protestant.
introduces government chosen by people who elect representative parliament

Front 63

The Glorious Revolution (of England)

Back 63

-Overthrow of King James II of England
-Resulted in the Dutch William of Orange ascending the throne as William III of England

Front 64

Queen Anne

Back 64

Daughter of James II. Formed United Kingdom
Last of the stuarts bc parliament chooses George I of Hanover to be king

Front 65

Jonathan Swift

Back 65

Irish essayist and clerc that hated injustice
politically active satirist
Wrote Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal

Front 66

Adam Smith

Back 66

Scottish Professor
Wrote Wealth of Nations

Front 67

Wealth of Nations

Back 67

-free enterprise system
-role of self-interest and laissez-faire
-provides intellectual rationale for free trade and capitalism

Front 68

David Hume

Back 68

Scottish Philosopher who criticised everything
-leader of empiricism movement
-

Front 69

Baroque

Back 69

A period of history
Description of style after renassaince
Originally a deragatory term

Front 70

Where did Baroque originate?

Back 70

everyone wanted to IMPRESS people, kings, artists, etc

Front 71

Characteristics of Baroque

Back 71

Emotion/Religious fervor/Dynamic realism
Dramatic (light and shade/perspective)
Elaborateness and exaggeration (but in control)
Virtuosity
New forms (mostly in literature and music)

Front 72

Cervantes

Back 72

Don Quixote de lal Mancha (greatest literary work on spanish, new "novel" form)
Reality vs Illusion

Front 73

John Milton

Back 73

English poet, essayist, and servant in the commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
Wrote Paradise Lost (greatest epic poem in English about fall of man, personal despair at the failure of the Revolution, yet affirms an ultimate optimism in human potential.)

Front 74

Bernini

Back 74

Sculptor
Another David, Apollo and Daphne, Aeneas, Pluto and Persephone

Front 75

Caravaggio

Back 75

The Calling of St Matthew - Chiaroscuro and realism
Calling, INspiration, and Martyrdom (of St Matthew)
David with the Head of Goliath
The Supper at Emmaus

Front 76

Artemesia Gentileschi

Back 76

Judith and Holofornes

Front 77

Diego Velazquez

Back 77

Las Meninas (Maids of Honor)
The Surrender of Breda (horses ass)

Front 78

Peter Paul Rubens

Back 78

Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus
Henri IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie De Medici

Front 79

Rembrandt

Back 79

Night Watch
The Return of the Prodigal Son

Front 80

Frans Hals

Back 80

Dutch man
The Laughing Cavalier

Front 81

Georges de La Tour

Back 81

Christ in the Carpenter's Shop

Front 82

Baroque music innovations

Back 82

-Opera
-Homophony
-orchestra/tion
-new vocal music
-instrumental music
-new instruments
-temperment (tuning that resulted in pleasant scales)

Front 83

First Popular Opera

Back 83

Orfeo

Front 84

Claudio Monteverdi

Back 84

Made Opera popular
The Coronation of Poppea

Front 85

New Vocal forms
-hymn/anthem
-Cantata
-Oratorio

Back 85

-congregation
-small orchestra and chorus
-untaged religious opera

Front 86

Purely Instrumental Music

Back 86

Sonata, concerto, suite, counterpoint

Front 87

Where was the violin invented?

Back 87

Cremona Italy

Front 88

Antonio Vivaldi

Back 88

"Red Priest"
-composed many Operas
-stripped of his priestly priviledges and moved to vienne
-influence bach
-THE FOUR SEASONS

Front 89

George Frederick Handel

Back 89

Wrote WATERMUSIC to calm king after leaving position in Hanover
Operas and Oratorios
-Messiah (glory to god, hallelujah chorus)

Front 90

Johann Sebatian Bach

Back 90

Over 1000 musical pieces, very diffucult music, became well known after death
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