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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Nicolas Copernicus
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canon, doctor, and astronomer
invented a device that helped him use triangulation to take sightings of the planets and stars; this device made more accurate measurements possible Copernicus devised a new model with sun at center of universe and earth rotates on its axis each day |
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Galileo Galilei
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"Father of Science"
studied pendulums and used wrist pulse to time clock invented telescope to look at heavens and link with math (used geometry) Galileo had an obnoxious/ arrogant personality, and he personally offended pope when he wrote Copernicus pamphlet "Dialogue" and simpleton character asked questions the pope had asked. |
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Francis Bacon
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Scientific Method: Based on Bacon's concepts- see page 182 Science as a multiple-step process
1. Observe an object or phenomenon 2. Develop a theory that explains the object or phenomenon 3. Test the theory with experiments Empiricism: more reliable in examining nature than pure logic or theology; knowledge gained through the senses. Deductive reasoning: Start with global assumptions developed by logic and then do experiments to confirm your assumptions. Inductive reasoning: Begin with no assumptions and perform experiments that give small tidbits of information until you accumulate knowledge and draw global conclusions. Idols of the tribe: Misconceptions about humans: Not being able to come to the truth of something because of an obstacle that exists for all of the human race (such as the universal tendency to oversimplify). Idols of the cave: Individual weaknesses/circumstances: person who naturally concentrates on how phenomena are alike might miss how they are different. Idols of the marketplace: obstacles to truth imposed on people by their own society or culture: Aristotelian view because it kept people from understanding the true nature of the world. Idols of the Theatre: obstacles to truth that arise from the nature of language itself: Occurs when people cannot accurately communicate what they want to express, or others do not understand. |
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Rene Descartes
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Cartesian coordinate system: Lying in bed saw housefly and realized it could be referenced to walls and ceiling. X, Y, Z axis (pg 183)
Reductionism: Idea that the world can be understood by reducing a phenomenon to its smaller parts. When you understand the small parts you put them all back together to understand the whole. Determinism: The world can be described by mathematical laws that do not change. All of nature has mathematical basis and if humans knew how to apply rules etc they would obtain a certain knowledge. |
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Blaise Pascal
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Wrote Pense'es: The Wager. Motivated people to believe in a Christian God - to wager so.
Science contributions include: Treatise on arithmetic triangle, and Pascal's law. Defended the scientific method; was a prodigy taught by his father. |
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Isaac Newton
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Considered the greatest scientist to have ever lived.
invented calculus suggested that some phenomena are so complex that they must be studied by modeling he was established as the authority of science president of Royal Society wrote Principia Mathematica, but didn’t publish it for years due to criticism from Robert Hooke suggested light was stream of particles invented the reflecting telescope he was named Director of the Mint |
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Antoine Lavoisier
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He was an expert chemist. He published the book Elements of Chemistry. He showed that earth, air, fire, and water were not the basic elements of the world but they could be broken down into chemical components. He recognized/named 23 elements.
Quantative analysis: This was his greatest contribution to science. It means to carefully monitor and control the amounts of the materials being investigated and the procedures to maintain close control. This gave very precise results. Experiments: His way of experimentation was groundbreaking (modern rules for conducting an experiment)--He insisted on close control of all variables so results could not be tainted. Lavoisier also said that by repeating work previously done could prove or disprove their conclusions. Scientists were more careful doing their experiments because they now needed to be reproducible to be true. Lavoisier contributed to the correct theory of combustion. (Old theory said that phlogiston escaped materials when they were burned=incorrect) He said that combustion required oxygen and that oxygen was 20% of the air and Nitrogen was the remainder. He also contributed to ballooning, mineral mapping, urban street lighting, water supply. Was head of the French Government's gunpowder works. Taught Eleuthere Irenee du Pont gunpowder methods who later started a gunpowder factory in America (Dupont). Lavosier was arrested after being publicly attacked in the Jacobin newspaper by Marat. He was brought to trial and the judge said they had no need of scientists--he was guillotined the same day. |
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Johannes Kepler:
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revised Copernican model of the universe by proposing his 3 laws of planetary motion, thus solving the problems of the Copernican system
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Robert Hooke
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criticized Isaac Newton's work and almost influenced him enough to not publish his book Principia Mathematica
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Thomas Hobbes:
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Absolute monarchy was sent by God to help mankind control the conditions of life
Thomas Hobbes had described a social contract in which people in a state of nature ceded their individual rights to a strong sovereign in return for his protection Author of Leviathan, determined to apply scientific thought to social issues |
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John Locke:
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Attacked concept of Divine Right king and disagreed with parliamentary dictatorship
The forefather of our forefathers Locke offered a new social contract theory in which people contracted with one another for a particular kind of government, and that they could modify or even abolish the government Wrote essays on the law of nature and concerning Human Understanding |
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Alexander Pope:
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English poet who wrote "Essay on Man" and "Essay on Criticism"
Cautioned the enligthenment thinkers to beware of too much learning. Promoted optimism... taking the long view of suffering |
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Jonathan Swift:
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Author of Gullivers Travels and a Modest Proposal - both works that used satire to convey the rediculousness of injustices being propagated by the un-enlightened monarchs
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David Hume:
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Scottish Philosopher, said that there is no reason, just impressions and sensations - cause and effect of the environment's interaction with our nervous system :)
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Adam Smith:
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scottish economists - espoused Capitalism in his book Wealth of Nations
This view went against the traditional view of the day which was mercantalism |
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Edward Gibbon
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Claimed that Christianity caused the downfall of ROME. Christian virtues made the roman rulers soft and as a result they lost control of their empire
Proponent of Deism - the idea of a "Hands-off" heavenly father |
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Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)
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Lived in exile and grew to love Newton.
Leader of the French enlightenment. Joined freemasonry in his last year of his life. "I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." Tried to address the issue of evil and suffering if God is all powerful and all good aka "theodocy". His response was candide - proclaiming a disbelief in God and making fun of optimism, but supporting the relief of suffering FInal advise, "Let us all tend our garden." |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
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Wrote The Social Contract- he states there is a contract between government and society where people agree to certain restrictions to gain some advantages. Rousseau believed that this contract could be broken if the majority felt it should (different than Locke who believed the INDIVIDUAL could break the contract)- this provides stable government. "Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains."
Author of the French Revolution motto "Liberty, equality, fraternity!" Egalitarianism- supported total equality for all people Noble savages- he believed humans are noble savages living in harmony with nature. Evil entered when people began to disagree about property. Viewed humans as innately good but needed government to control chaos. Believed that scientific and artistic progress were detrimental to the noble savage state (they produce artificial wants and desires). Rousseau tried living as close to the noble savage as he could. Later Rousseau felt paranoid of plots from the British government against him. Eventually went insane and died. |
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Denis Diderot:
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Published 17 volume encyclopedia: L'Encyclopedie. Included many articles to teach the people how to think critically and objectively/"change the general way of thinking."
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Emmanuel Kant
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father of the Transcendentalist movement: some things are known by method than by sensory experience/ knowledge beyond sensory input.
"Act as if your actions would become a moral maxium/model for all others and at all times." Contrast to Machiavelli concepts. |
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Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great):
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Grew up with a very militaristic father and he seemed to show little interest in government but rather art and literature. He and his friend attempted to run away but they were caught and Frederick was forced to watch the execution of his friend.
He had a long correspondence with Voltaire and wrote an Anti-Machiavelli treatise. Frederick separated his private and official life. In his official life he had strong military and diplomatic capabilities. He was very involved with his army and he ruled as a powerful absolutist. Some of his reforms include setting up unbiased and honest judges, setting up trade monopolies to create new industries, drainage projects/roads/canal, and was tolerant of religious matters. In his personal life he was skilled at French, prose, flute (which he wrote concertos for and fully orchestrated military marches). He corresponded with Voltaire who called him the "philosopher king" and had a fascination with the ideals of the Enlightenmet. Military conqueror Composed 100 Sonatas, 4 symphonies Prussia obtained its greatness via Teutonic knights |
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Catherine the Great of Russia (Catherine II of Russia):
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Real name: Sophia Augusta Frederica
to demonstrate that she was in control of the govt. and army she dressed in the uniform of a regimental commander and led the people. life long correspondence with voltaire, supported Diderot and published his Encyclopedia when it was prohibited in France. |
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Gustavus III of Sweden:
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the Hats and Caps were fighting, he tried to bring peace between them, couldnt so he took complete control himself forcing a new constitution upon the state.
was killed at a masked ball that was in support of French royalists trying to reclaim the throne. |
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Charles III of Spain:
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most enlightened of the Brurbon rulers, urged his citizens to deposit their rubbish in proper receptacles instead of throwing it in the street
created many public works (sewers, roads, ect.), especially in Madrid. –Bourbon family –Improved life for Spanish –Suppressed Jesuits |
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Maria Theresa
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Charles VI issued a decree called Pragmatic Sanction in which succession was guaranteed to his daughter, Maria. Ruled in her own right and became one of the most successful Hapsburg rulers all done while bearing sixteen children-you go girl.
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Joseph II
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son of Maria, called the "Music King" because of his love for art and music. He commissioned one of the operas of Mozart, the abduction from the seragio.
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George II
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Became king after George I and dismissed the ministers in his father's regime. Due to his wife's insistence he retained Walpole. Originator of the traditional standing during the Hallelujah Chorus.
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Jacobites
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(supporters of the House of Stuart) attempted to place a Stuart back on the throne (Prince Charles Edward AKA Bonnie Prince Charlie). They marched from Scotland to England but were driven back to Scotland where, at Culloden Moor, the Jacobite army was destroyed.
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George III
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Grandson of George II. Wanted to become an absolute monarch. He hand picked weak, ineffective prime ministers. His ineffective handling of the American Revolution resulted in great loss of confidence from the people and parliament. Eventually went mad from porphyria, he also went blind and deaf-poor man.
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William Pitt the Younger
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Came to power as Prime Minister in 1801, and successfully guided Britain through the early Napoleonic years. He disagreed strongly with George over religious toleration. equal rights to catholics in the kingdom.
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Rational Art and Music:
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Neoclassical:(New classical) Art and architecture became simpler and more conservative. Music also became simpler and dominated by newly formed rules of composition.
Classical period: The music period at the time was referred to as the classical period. |
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Rococo Art and Architecture:
Jean Antoine Watteau |
Pilgrimage to Cythera
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Rococo Art and Architecture:
Francois Boucher |
Europa
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Rococo Art and Architecture:
Jeane Honore Fragonard |
The Swing
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Rococo Art and Architecture:
Sir Joshua Reynolds |
Colina
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Rococo Art and Architecture:
Thomas Gainsborough |
Mary Countess Howe, Blue Boy
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Jacques Louis David
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Death of Socrates, Oath of Horatii, Napolean crossing the alps, Napolean in his study, Coronation of Napolean. Movement
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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Father of the symphony, known as "papa" to the other great composers of the day
Wrote hundreds! includes jokes in his symphonies: Surprise Symphony repeatedly interrupted a tranquil passage with sudden loud notes. |
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Wolfgang Gottlieb Mozart:
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child prodigy, one of the most talented people born in the last millenium
composing before age 5 hectic personal life, fits of depressiona and creativity Salieri's enemy/competitor in Vienna most amazing ability was to compose/hear an entire piece in his head Marriage of Figaro |
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Ludwig von Beethoven:
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upported his family when he was a child because his father was a drunken crazy. Played the piano - virtuoso! Made the piano popular
Scholarship to Vienna where he stayed for several years perfecting his skills went deaf at the end of his life - this personal crisis helped him captain the transition from the classical period to the romantic Bridge between classical and romantic styles/period Mozart said about him "Keep on eye on him, he will make noise in the world someday" |
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A Novel Idea
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The better Life:
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Value
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The Enlightenment Made Real:
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Causes of the Revolution in America: Townsend Acts
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Passed by the British to place new taxes on a wide variety of products including tea, paper, paint and lead. This increased tension and the boycotts were reinitiated. The British didn't cave this time and so the contest of wills began between British Parliament and the American Colonists and lasted for years.
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Causes of the Revolution in America: Boston Massacre
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770 a group of British soldiers stationed in Boston felt threatened by a protesting crowd and opened fire, killing several colonists.
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Causes of the Revolution in America: Boston Tea Party
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773 six years after the Townsend Acts, in order to magnify the effects of the boycott, agitated Boston area colonists crept onto a British ship and dumped a shipment of tea into Boston Harbor. British viewed it as an act of open rebellion; it likely served as the first domino in a series of events that led to an out break of war.
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Causes of the Revolution in America: intolerable Acts:
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The Boston Tea Party looked like a success as all of the Townsend Acts except the tax on tea were repealed. However, new laws were passed within the year that were even more restrictive and intended to punish the American colonists. They were known as the Intolerable Acts. It included closing the Boston Harbor, Forcing colonists to house and feed British troops and increasing power of the British colonial governors. This led to colonists' decision to meet together to decide on a course of action that would give permanent remedy to the situation.
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Intent
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Whatever Is Necessary:
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First Continental Congress
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delegates from all 12 colonies (all but georgia) met in Philadelphia. purpose-to reslove peoblems with Great Britian. called for end of all british trade until Intolerable acts ceased.
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Lexington Green and Concord Bridg
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British military sent to seize supplies of Mass. militia. armed skirmishes broke out.
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Second Continental Congres
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created a continental army
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