History Of Christianity High Medieval

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Bernard of Clairvaux

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(1090-1153) Primary founder of Cistercian order, mystical writer, planted 69 monasteries, preached during the 7th crusade but advocated against rushing to Jerusalem. Allegorized everything including Song of Solomon.

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Francis of Assisi

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(1181/2-1226) Founder of Franciscans/Friors Minor, went from a wealthy childhood by a merchant father to a voluntarily poor and ascetic lifestyle. Known for preaching to animals, and his penchant for the dramatic. Died from bleeding from stigmata, sainted very early after his death.

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Universities

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(1150) always located in city – shift becomes more urban society (shift to profit economy); characterized by contractual relationship between students and teachers; students – contract for proficiency (will pay); once liberal arts mastered could go law, medicine, theology; used rules of logic, Scripture, church, Fathers, etc; rediscovery of Aristotle; broken into trivium and quadrivium; moved from lectio to disputatio

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Gothic Cathedrals

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Rose to prominence around 1150, characterized by theological understanding of architecture. Emphasized use of light and "theological proportions". Always shaped like a cross, reached up toward heaven while facing toward East/Jerusalem

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IV Lateran Council

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1215, update/renew church doctrine, condemn heresies (Huss), confirmed transubstantiation, required yearly confessions, cathedral schools, jews and muslims must wear special signs, pope is lower than God/higher than Man, no charge for administering communion

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Anselm of Canterbury

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(1033-1109)Founder of Scholasticism, and supporter/creator of ontological argument for the existence of God. Wrote Cur Deus Homo which attempted to prove the incarnation without the use of Scripture. Reason can explain faith.

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Thomas Aquinas

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(1225-1274) Possibly the greatest theological/philosophical giant of the middle ages. Wrote Summa Theologica, 5 Ways (proofs from reason for God's existence), but doesn't try to prove incarnation or resurrection (reason is subordinate to faith)

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Pope Gregory VII

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dreamed of uniting the church under one pope; campaigned against simony and marriage of the clergy; clashed with Henry IV – deposed on grounds of tyranny, adultery and practices of magic; wrote Dictatus Papae; high view of papacy; declared abbot of Monte Cassino his successor

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Pope Innocent III

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: (1198-1216); height of papacy during Middle Ages; politically active; impose and appoint emperors; 1215 Magna Carta; 4th Lateran Council; rise of Franciscans and Dominicans; Crusades helped him establish uncentralized power; knew Crusades were God’s way of re-uniting the church; called 4th Crusade; liked the Franciscan Order – granted right to have own monastic movement; intervened in many local disputes

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Dictatus Papae

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Document issued by Gregory the VII in 1075 (most likely source). Outlines a very high view of the papacy.

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Pope Urban II

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(1088-1099) Best known for starting the first crusade in 1095 because "God wills it."

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Poor Clares

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2nd order Franciscans: a women’s order of Franciscans started by St. Clare who also lived preaching, singing, begging

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Knights Templar

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new religious order that came out of Crusades; initially to protect pilgrims; later fighting orders; later tried and condemned as heretics in "secret opposition to the Christian faith" – practiced idolatry, cursed Christ, spit on the cross, and they were sodomites; under Clement and Philip

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Concordat of Worms

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1122: Calixtus II solution to the Papal/Emperor conflict; attempted solution to feudalism and appointment to church office; church appoints leaders but local lord still gives approval; doesn’t really solve the problem; state has temporal authority church had power of excommunication

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Waldensians

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Reform-ish movement that predated the Franciscans, condemned by pope, continued on up until reformation and formed the protestant movement

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Albigensians

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Semi-gnostic movement in the late 12th century, Pope Innocent the III called a crusade against them in 1208, Condemned at 4th Lateran Council

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Dominic/ans

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Saint Dominic; born to aristocratic family; preached orthodoxy in the face of heresy; no new rule from pope so followed rule of canon of Saint Augustine; called Order of Preachers; emphasized studies; preached to Jews and Muslims; established foothold in universities; had house at some; mendicants are beggars, Dominicans are mendicants, order of preachers, orthodoxy in face of heresies

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Trivium

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Literature, Logic, Grammar (taught in universities

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Quadrivium

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Geometry, Arithmetic, Music, Astronomy

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Pope Boniface VII

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Ill tempered Pope who kicked off the 100 years war. Fought consistantly with Philip of France. Once the state emerged the church could not compete, so Philip represented the downfall of papal authority. Eventually died because of the wounds he suffered because of absu