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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Date: 95 theses |
1517 |
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Date: Diet of Worms |
1521 |
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Definition: Edict of Worms |
Condemned Luther, his writings, and anyone who followed him |
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Events: Diet of Worms |
Luther on trial (church), condemned but Frederick the Wise of Saxony protects him |
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Date: 2nd Diet of Speyer |
1529 |
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Events: 2nd Diet of Speyer |
State trial? Affirms Worms, name “Protestant” created from the protest there |
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Luther’s treatise, Freedom of a Christian |
Develops idea of imputation of righteousness and priesthood of all believers |
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Five solas |
Sola Scriptura, Sola Gratia, Sola Fide, Sola Christus, Sola Deo Gloria |
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Philip Melanchthon |
One of Luther’s lieutenants (and later successor) who represents him at the Diet of Augsburg, and thereby creates the Augsburg Confession |
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Date: Augsburg Confession |
June 25, 1530 |
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Definition: Augsburg Confession |
Lutheran distinctives laid out by Philip Melanchthon, later more fully developed (in contrast to Calvinism) in the book of Concord |
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Martín Luther |
95 thesis (1517) |
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Calvin |
Need info here. Didn’t discuss at length in class |
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Catholic reformation |
Council of Trent (1545–1563)—to reform church and respond to the Protestants Affirms: nice be freed, two source authority, aquí as’ theology, Latin vulgate, apocryphal writing, rejects Protestant view of justification and affirms process-justification and free will
Movements: education, missions, clerical reform, inquisition, banned books |
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Book of concord |
June 25, 1580. More detailed Lutheran confession (distinguishes itself from Calvinism—Lord’s supper, predestination, baptism?) |
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2nd Helvetic Confession |
Bullinger 1562, Switzerland, Calvinist confession |
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Belgic Confession |
Guido de Bres, Belgium, 1559, reformed confession, showing how Protestants conform to ancient creeds (defense against Spanish opposition) |
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Heidelberg Catechism |
Ursinus, Germany, 1563, goal: bringing some unity to reformed traditions |
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Canons of Dort |
Holland; where “tulip” comes from; Calvinistic; 1618–19 |
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Westminster confession of faith |
1647, puritans, England |
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Westminster confession of faith |
1647, puritans, England |
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39 articles |
Anglican, England, 1563 |
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Schleitheim Confession |
1527, anabaptists, Michael Sattler 1527 |
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Anabaptist distinctives |
1. Credobaptism 2. “The ban” 3. Christ against culture 4. Pacifists 6. Local congregation choose own pastor |
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Council of Trent |
Key part of catholic reformation. 1545–1563 Pope Paul Iii Affirm niceness creed, pope, vulgate, two-source theory, aquí as, church authority to interpret, apocryphal writings, progressive justification, 7 sacraments, purgatory, praying to saints, indulgences (not selling them), transubstantiation, single priests, bread only for lay people |
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Ignatius of Loyola |
Contemporary of Calvin (at university of Paris), founds society of Jesus (Jesuits), focus on education and missions, and obedience to the pope
Wrote: Spiritual Exercises |
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Bartholomew Diaz |
1487, rounds cape of good hope |
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Vasco de Gama |
1498, reached India |
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1492 |
Columbus reached Hispaniola |
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Vasco Núñez Balboa |
1513 reached Pacific |
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Hernando Cortez |
1519+ in Mexico, decimated Aztecs |
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Francisco Vásquez de coronado |
Explores SE North America 1540–42 |
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Pedro Menéndez de aviles |
Establishes St Augustine in Florida 1565 |
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Treaty of Tordesilles |
1493–“discovering” countries are responsible to evangelize colonies |
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Sublimis Deus |
1537, declares “Indians” to be “truly men” |
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Bartolomé de las casas |
Wrote: A brief report on the destruction of the Indians (1552), critiqued treatment of American natives. |
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Francis Xavier |
Jesuit missionary to India, 1549–reached Japan, goal: china but never achieves it
Strategy: high society leaders and cultural integration/contextualiza |
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Matteo Ricci |
Missionary to India, Indonesia and China (1582). First jesuits permitted into China near Cabton
Strategy: win over government officials and intellectuals (studies astronomy) adopt Chinese customs “Muted” themes—cross Didn’t stop ancestor worship Used Chinese terms |
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Henry VIII |
Broke with Catholic Church and started Anglicanism
1534 act of supremacy |
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Westminster Assembly |
1643—1649, new confession and order for Anglican Church
Solemn league and covenant (1643), formal establishment of Presbyterianism in England
Directory of public worship 1645)— in lieu of book of common prayer Westminster confession of faith (1647)
Westminster larger and shorter catechism (1648) |
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Richard Baxter |
Moderate puritan leanings, opposed Charles II restoration of the episcopacy (imprisoned) Wrote: the reformed pastor (1656) and the saint’s everlasting rest (1650) |
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Peace of Augsburg |
Peace treaty between Charles V and Lutherans End of religious warring in Europe after the schmalkaldic war (1546-7) and “interims” “Cuius regius eius religio” he whose Regino is religion (prince/government of that province calls what religion it is.
Date: 1555 |
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Theodore Beza |
Close connection if puritans and continental reformers Delegate to Colloquy of Possy (deciding French religion. Coming out of this and St. Bartholomew’s day massacre he writes on Christians and government Beza, the rights of magistrates (1574) One of the Protestant scholastics |
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1538 |
English bibles ordered to be put in ever parish |
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Elizabeth I |
Henry VIII’s Protestant daughter. Takes throne in 1559 39 articles affirmed during her reign Retains episcopate |
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39 articles |
Anglican confession of faith, revised Cranmer’s 42 articles Rejects transubstantiation, affirms sola scriptura, predestination, marriage of clergy, bread and wine for lay people, rejects salvation by works |
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Normative principle of worship |
Everything not explicitly condemned in Scripture is permissible |
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Puritanism |
Arises in England, reform not taken far enough. Vestments and Admonition controversies (1560–1580) Regulative principle of worship (explicitly allowed in scripture) |
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Robert Browne |
English separatist 1582 writes: a treatise of reformation without waiting for anie
Excommunicated and then re-integrated into Anglican Church |
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John Smyth |
Father to the general baptists Says infant baptism unbiblical, gets rebaptized |
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Thomas Helwys |
With Smith forms first Baptist church in Europe
1612–publishes treatise calling for universal religious toleration and that government can’t legislate matters if morality that relate to God |
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Theodore Beza |
Close connection if puritans and continental reformers Largely in Geneva Successor to Calvin and leader to Huegenots. Produced new versions of Green and Latin NT (used for KJV) Solidified Reforrmed churches , method, and presence. Came up with supralapsarianism Delegate to colloquy of Poissy (fall 1561) Write: rights of magistrates (1574) after st Bartholomew’s day massacre and discusses Christian response to unjust government |
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St bartholomews day |
August 24, 1572. A turning point in the French wars of religion (1562–1598).
Haney of Navarre to marry Charles Ix sister as act of unification. Protestant leaders and influencers gather in Paris for the wedding. A few days later Protestant generals are slaughtered and it escalates into widespread slaughter in Paris and into other areas. |
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Monarchomachs |
From británica: “16th century French Calvinist theorists who criticized absolute monarchy and religious persecution” “Contract” as a key idea, Beza a key monarchomach |
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Jacob arminius |
Questions predestination (but categorizes himself as Calvinist?) Gomarus key opponent. Associated with University of Leiden Followers write “The Remonstrance” (1610) Distinctives: election based on foreseen faith, prevenient grace, resistable grace, governmental theory of atonement (Christ died for all, but only effective in some) Opponent: Gomarus, synod of Dort
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Jacob arminius |
Beza’s pupil who rejected supralapsarianisn.
1610–his disciples wrote: Remonstrance, election resting on foreseen faith and unlimited atonement |
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Protestant scholasticism |
Use of medieval scholastic principles (Aristotelian) Barth says they get Calvin “wrong” Muller argues they do not
“Declension” Often blamed on Beza and Daneau |
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Synod of Dort |
Response to “remonstrance” (1610) where the points of the tulip acronym were established 1618 Gomarus |
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William Bradford |
Puritan separatist who became governor of Plymouth colony, 1620 Wrote: history of Plymouth plantation |
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Massachusetts Bay Colony |
English puritan colony founded by John Winthrop 1629? (Other date said 1630)
Boat: Arabella Sermón: light on a hill line
Theology: glee Babylon; new jerusalem; new covenant people Political implications: only church members in government
Who is a Christian? |
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John Winthrop |
Founder Massachussets bat colony, 1630, puritan |
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New Pyrrhonism |
Sextus empiricus, writings rediscovered 15th century Also used by Catholics like Michelle Montaigne to defend Catholic tradition (since you can’t know) applied arguments of ancient skepticism to the fields of their own day
Descarte wrote in response to them, leading to “I think therefore I am” |
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Scientific Revolution |
Rise of scientific discovery corresponding with rise of Protestantism |
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Copernicus |
Astronomer, published: de revolutionibus (1543) Posited a solar-centric model
On the revolution of the heavenly spheres 1543 |
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Kepler |
Wrote: prodrómica (1596), theory of planetary motion 3 laws of planetary motion 1. Elliptical orbits 2. Don’t move at uniform speeds In orbit 3. Speed around sun related to distance from sun |
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René Descarte |
Responded to skepticism of new pyrrhonists by also questioning everything, but the fact that he was doubting was a fact—I think therefore I am. That as a first principle which he built on to prove God’s existence. And anselm’s cosmological and ontological argument. Rationalist, Roman Catholic, Responded to crisis of certainty with reason not empiricism. Used anselm’s ontological argument. Wrote: discourse on method (1637) Legacy: called father of skepticism AND father of Christian rationalism |
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Blaise Pascal |
In France. Involved in math and physics.
Also responded to Pyrrhonian skepticism.
Himself a Jansenist. Wrote pensees which argues for vital Christianity (not just rational like Descarte): human wretchedness, diversions as sign of our unhappiness, longing for happiness, paradox of existence Apologetics: the waver Challenges descarte’s rationalism: humans know some things Provincial letters (1656-1657) 1654 “year of grace “ conversion |
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Francis Bacon |
Atheist, empiricist, scientific method Wrote: Advancement of learning (1605) Argues for inductive experimental philosophy. Rejects scholasticism. Contributions: 1. New optimism (challenges cult of antiquity) 2. New image of the scientist 3. Book of scripture plus book of nature |
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Galileo Galilei |
Laws of motion and telescope; disbelieved earth-centrism Wrote: Dialogue on the two chief systems of the world (1631) Argues for general revelation in addition to specific revelation |
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Philip Jacob Spener |
Founder of Lutheran pietism
1675: Holy desires (piba desideria) Promoted: Bible reading. Priesthood of believers, and the practice of Christianity
Later moved to Germany and university of Halle which became a pietist center |
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August Hermann Francke |
Professor of Hebrew at university of Leipzig, founded a Bible school which had an awakening amongst undergrads (dowley 420)
Moved to Halle in 1692 |
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Bartholomew ziegenbalg |
First pietist missionary to India Tranque bar mission (commissioned by danish king) translate NT into Tamil Gospel plus social ministry |
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Von Zinzendorf |
Lutheran nobleman, key to start of moravians ecumenical and mission focused. 1720s started welcoming people to his estate. Communal. Distinctives: 1. Wounds of Christ 2. First fruits (mission) |
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Moravians |
“Founded” by John Hus, scattered during 30 years war, settled in Saxony on Zinzendorf’s estate, ecumenical and mission focused |
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Jansenists |
Movement within Catholicism (later condemned by pope innocent X), revived Augustinian theology—doing good only by a gift of grace and grace is irresistible, so ostensibly, humans as “victims” of nature or grace
Jansen write: Augustine’s (1640) |
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Isaac Newton |
English mathematician; contributor to enlighten; law of gravity; anti-trinitarian monotheist (Arian) Mathematica principia 1687, world like a machine, everything can be explained under one principle (gravity) |
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John Locke |
Oxford then Holland.
Wrote: an essay concerning human understanding (1690) and reasonableness of Christianity (1695)
Tabula rasa, and the start of empiricism data=experience Reason=interpretation Reason should evaluate revelation |
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The enlightenment |
“18th century European movement Of philosophy and science which stressed the supremacy of Reasonover revelation and tradition “The ultimacy of autonomous reason” 1650-1800 (Frame’s date) |
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Spinoza |
Jewish, but expelled. Holland. Published: Ethis 1663, posthumously).
Pantheistic
Criticized “first principles” method for not actually corresponding to reality (I.e. experience, and not just reason) Tractates theological-politics (1670) criticism of the Bible |
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Richard Simon |
Father of higher criticism, French priest, in same “line” as Spinoza |
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English Deism |
Originally trying to prove rationalism of Christianity without appealing to special revelation. Looked to nature, denied arguments based on prophecy and miracles
Examples: Tindal, Collins, Woolston
Sparring opponents: Sherlock, Butler (opposed deism argued for resurrection and the supernatural |
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Anthony Collins |
English deist. Claimed OT prophecies didn’t “fit” Jesus |
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Matthew Tindal |
English Deist, pro-Christian, arguments from nature, but denied supernatural. Rejects: miracles, divine providence, original sin, substitutionary atonement
Wrote: Christianity as old as the creation (1730) |
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French philosophes |
French philosophers who helped shape the enlightenment m: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot More than a philosopher—social engineer (and gadfly) |
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Diderot |
Encyclopedia, enlightenment ideology |
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Voltaire |
French, deist, God, felt and to be admired, but attacked institutional religion
Contributions to Diderot’s encyclopedia, “expressing free thought, Enlightenment ideas, and revolutionary change” (dowley 444) |
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Jean Jaqués Rousseau |
Mfrench deist.
Education theory: noble savage Social contract (theory and book, 1762) |
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Prince Vladimir of Kiev |
Instituted Byzantine Orthodoxy as the state religion of Russia (c. 988) |
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English civil war |
1642–1653 Charles I executed 1649 |
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English civil war |
1642–1653 Charles I executed 1649 |
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Commonwealth |
Under Cromwell 1649?—1659 |
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English civil war |
1642–1653 Charles I executed 1649 |
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Commonwealth |
Under Cromwell 1649?—1659 |
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Monarchy restored |
1661 |
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Leipzig interim |
1548 Ceremonies reimposed on Lutheran territories after Schmalkaldic war (1546-47) Examples: chanting, bells, vestments, mass in Latin Some Lutherans accommodate (Philippists, after Melanchthon, who classify these as adiaphora—indifferent things) and some Lutherans don’t, Gnesio-Lutherans (Matthew Illyricus). |
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French Wars of religion |
1562–1598 |
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Colloquy of Poissy |
Fall 1561 Beza and Vermigli as delegates |
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Right of magistrates |
Beza 1574 |
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Lombert Daneau |
Justified armed resistance |
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Edict of Nantes |
1598, end French wars of religion Legalizes Protestantism in France (not everywhere) |
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Founding of society of friends |
1652, George fox |
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Characteristics of Quakers |
Primacy of inner light Direct revelation Rejected ceremonies and sacraments No paid clergy |
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Cambridge platform |
1649, first theological statement of puritans in New England Westminster confession minus Presbyterian plus congregational |
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Practical syllogism |
Beza, who is a Christian? Christians bear good fruit, I bear good fruit: I am a Christian |
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Preparationism |
Ames and Perkins Who is a Christian? Predictable pattern Hearing, fear, saving grace, growing assurance, new grief at sin, God bestowing grace |
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Halfway covenant |
Massachusetts bay colony, children baptized if parents attend (even if not members?) |
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Dutch East Indies company |
Founds new Amsterdam |
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Roger Williams |
Comes to Massachusetts bay, Critiques: 1. Didn’t compensate natives for the land 2. Idea of colony as new covenant Israel 3. Advocates religious toleration
, flees, founds Rhode Island |
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William Penn |
Quakers and other dissenters in Pennsylvania |
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30 years war |
1618-1648
Where does sovereignty reside? Divine right of kings? Will of people |
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Crisis of certainty and authority |
Leading to enlightenment, scientific revolution |
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Modern Science |
Precise knowledge of the physical world based on the Union of experimental observation with sophisticated mathematics |
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Dutch East Indies company |
Founds new Amsterdam |
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Roger Williams |
Comes to Massachusetts bay, Critiques: 1. Didn’t compensate natives for the land 2. Idea of colony as new covenant Israel 3. Advocates religious toleration
, flees, founds Rhode Island |
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William Penn |
Quakers and other dissenters in Pennsylvania |
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30 years war |
1618-1648
Where does sovereignty reside? Divine right of kings? Will of people |
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Crisis of certainty and authority |
Leading to enlightenment, scientific revolution |
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Modern Science |
Precise knowledge of the physical world based on the Union of experimental observation with sophisticated mathematics |
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Pierre Bayle |
Critical history dictionary (1697) |
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English deism |
1. There is a supreme and good God 2. He must be worshipped through virtue 3. Men must repent of their sins 4. God rewards the virtuous and punished the wicked in the afterlife |
