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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tatian
(120-180) |
Conservative Apologist along with Tertullian. Born in Syria. Wrote "Diatessaron" and "Oration Against the Greeks". Taught by Justin Martyr
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Tertullian
(160-220) |
Conservative Latin apologist."What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem?" Became a Montanist but was never separated from the Church
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Apostles Creed
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Codified tenets of faith based on early baptismal confessionary formulas.
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Festal Letter
(367) |
Written by Athanasias of Alexandria annually to prepare the community for celebrating Easter on the correct date. Letter 39 is significant because he gives a canon list--the first to correspond exactly to our 27 books of the NT
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Book of Steps
(4th Century) |
Emerged from Syria. Depicted ministry in terms of maturity in the faith. 3 Churches.
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Communicatio Idiomatum
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"Communication of properties." Expressed in the Tome of Leo. The properties of the divine Word can be ascribed to the man Christ. In Christ, there is one person with two natures, the human and the divine.
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Didache
(Late 1st-early 2nd Century) |
The teaching of the Twelve. Moral teachings, instructions on baptism, fasting, prayer, eucharist, etc.
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Filioque
(589) |
"And from the Son" added to the Nicene Creed to describe the Holy Spirit. Based on Augustine's theology of the Trinity. The clause alienated Eastern Christians
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Gospel of Thomas
(2nd Century) |
Discovered in the Nag Hammadi Library. A collection of sayings of Jesus. The sayings are similar to those found in the Gospels.
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Henoticon
(482) |
Issued by Emp. Zeno to try to reconcile the Orthodox with the Henophysites. Jesus is consubstantial with the father and with us, but he is one, not two. Mary is theotokos
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Libellus
(250) |
Under the Decian persecution, a person must have a certificate showing that he had offered the prescribed sacrifices to the Roman Gods.
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Muratorian Fragment
(Early 2nd or 4th Centuries) |
contains a list of cannonical books
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Odes of Solomon
(Prob. early 2nd Century) |
Earliest extant Christian Hymnal
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Perpetua and Felicitas
(202-3) |
Martyred under Septimus Servers. Were catechumens. Baptism of Blood
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Shepherd of Hermas
(Early 2nd Century) |
Longest work in the Apostolic Fathers. A collection of visions that deals with sins after baptism
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Three Chapters
(544) |
Document of Justinian condemned the writings of Theodore of Mop., Ibas of Edessa, and Theodoret of Cyrus--all of whom were already dead
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Seven Ecumenical Councils
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Nicea (325), Constantinople (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), Constantinople II (553), Constantinople III (680), Nicea II (787)
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Council of Nicea
(325) |
God is one. Jesus is begotten of the virgin Mary and is of one substance with the Father. "Homoousian". Strongly against Arianism. Produced the Nicene Creed.
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Council of Constantinople
(381) |
God is Three. Confirmed the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Gave the Nicene Creed its current shape.
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Council of Ephesus
(431) |
One nature. Nestorius condemned. Mary is theotokos
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Council of Chalcedon
(451) |
Twoness of Christ. Two natures in one person. Gave final shape to orthodox Christology.
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Council of Constantinople II
(553) |
Three Chapters issued against Theodore of Mop., Theodoret, and Ibas of Edessa (Antiochan Theologians thought to have Nestorian tendencies)
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Constantinople III
(680) |
Against Monotheletism; just as Christ had two natures he also has two wills
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Council of Nicea II
(787) |
In response to Iconoclastic controversy. Upheld the use of Icons using incarnational logic
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Ebionites
(Early Heterodoxy) |
Jewish Christians who upheld the Mosaic Law. Jesus was a prophet born in normal fashion. (Origin gave them the name for their "poor" theology.
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Encratites
(2nd Century Heterodoxy) |
Ascetic (encratism greek for self control), Tatian was encratite, abstained from sex, wine, and certain meats.
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Nazoreans
(early heterodoxy) |
Aramaic, probably Jewish, accepted Paul and Virgin birth. Liked Matthew, recognized the Gentile church.
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Pre-Constantinian Art
(common motifs) |
OT narratives, fish, dove, Shepherd, anchors, olive branches, baptismal rituals, Orante (person depicted in prayer), no crosses!
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Donatism
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Lucilla kissing the bone of a martyr in Carthage. Sparked controversy that continued to linger despite many attempts to resolve it.
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Orthodox arguments against gnosticism
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Creator = supreme God; Creation is essentially good; full incarnation of Christ; Revelation in historical events; redemption by the blood of the cross; resurrection of the body.
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Homoousian
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"Same Substance" supported wording from Nicea
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Homioousian
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"Similar Substance" Wanted to preserve the distinctness of the Father.
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Homoeans
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Preferred to avoid the word ousios. Least clearly defined of all positions.
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Anomeans
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AKA "neoarians". THe son is 'unlike' the father. It is essential to define the divine nature of God as ungenerated, and the son is generated, therefore they are unlike.
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Irenaeus on Apostolic Succession
(Late 2nd Century) |
Apostolic faith was preserved in churches by the public succession of Bishops. Each bishop in each church taught the same doctrine. the uniformity was guaranteed by its publicity, by its agreement among different teaching chairs--in Rome, Philippi, Smyrna, Ephesus, etc. If the apostles had and secret wisdom to impart, they would have entrusted these to the men who succeeded them. He emphasized succession of faith and life rather than a transmission of special gifts.
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Manichaeism
(240) |
Received a call to become the "apostle of light," Mani founded an entirely new religious movement in Mesopotamia and Persia. Syncretist drawing on Elkasites, Marcionites, Zorastrianism, Buddhism, and Orthodox Christianity. Extreme dualist. Particles of light trapped in a material world, that seek to be restored to the pure heavenly realm. Ascetic.
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Monarchianism
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Describes an emphasis on the oneness of God and minimize the trinity. Dynamic Adoptionist or Modalist (patripassionist).
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Monophysitism
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Alexandrian school of thought that emphasized the one nature of Christ.
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Martyrdom Motifs
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Witness, athletes and heroes, grace, sharing in the suffering of Jesus, Eucharist, Eschatology, Holy Spirit, Baptism
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Ambrose
(340-397) |
Forced to become the Bishop of Milan by a crowd who was following the voice of a child. Had 4 conflicts with the Roman government. 1- Got the government to reject the restoration of pagan altar to Nike; 2- Organized a sit in at a basilica to keep it from being given to the Arians; 3- Refused to allow the Church's money to be used to rebuild a synagogue (even though Christians had destroyed it); 4- Refused communion to Theodosius until he had done penance for his massacre of 7000 people. Instrumental in the conversion of Augustine.
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Antony
(251-356) |
Anchorite monastic in lower Egypt. Influenced by a sermon on "go sell all of your possessions." Many looked to him as a leader.
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Pachomius
(290-347) |
Communal Cenobitic monk in upper Egypt.
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Aphrahat
(4th Century) |
Syrian Christian dubbed the "Persian Sage". Most famous for his 23 Demonstrations, which were sermons on various Christian practices which led one to a better life
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Arius
(336) |
Libyan trained in Antioch. Infamous for his assertion that "There was when the Son was not." His teachings negatively influenced much of the language of the Nicene Creed, especially its anathemas.
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Chatechumen
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One who was being trained for becoming a Christian
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Celsus
(2nd Century) |
Greek Philosopher who wrote an attack against the Christians. Spurred Origen's reply, "Against Celsus."
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Clement of Alexandria
( -203) |
Philosophical voyage leads him to Christianity. Incorporates philosophical language to describe Christianity. Wrote, "Who is the Rich Man Who is Saved?" Taught Origen.
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Clement of Rome
(96) |
Knew and quoted from Paul's letters in his writing. Witnessed to Apostolic succession. Linked Paul and Peter with Rome.
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Constantine
(Early 4th Century) |
Battle of Milvian Bridge. Chi-Rho symbol. Supported Christianity throughout his reign and was finally baptized on his deathbed. called the Council of Nicea.
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Cyprian of Carthage
(became bishop in 248) |
Fled during the Decian persecution. Wrote "On the Lapsed" which presented a middle-of-the-road position.
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Cyril of Alexandria
(Early 5th Century) |
Emphasized Christ's divinity and Mary as Theotokos. Wrote against Nestorius.
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Decius
(Emperor 249-251) |
Empire-wide persecution. Arrested Bishops and forced sacrifice to the Roman gods under penalty of death. Vast numbers lapsed during his persecution.
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Diocletian
(Emperor 284-305) |
Split the empire into four regions. Two Augustii and two Ceasarii as rulers. Allowed the start of the great persecution by Galerius.
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Dioscorus
(444-451) |
Bishop of Alexandria after Cyril. Had all the flaws of Cyril with none of his strengths. Hosted the Council of Ephesus (449) which earned the name "Council of Robbers" for beating Flavian to death.
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Ephrem the Syrian
(306-373) |
Classic Syrian writer of commentaries, sermons, and refutations of heretics. He is most well-known for his metric homilies and hymns for which he is called the "Harp of the Holy Spirit." His faith represents a pre-nicene, non-hellenized form of semitic Christianity.
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Eudoxia
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Empress that clashed with John Chrysostom. "Again Herodias asks for the head of John!"
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Eusebius of Caesarea
(Bishop in 313 Palestine) |
Became bishop at the time when Galerius issued the edict of toleration. Influenced by Origen. Wrote "Church History," "Life of Constantine," and "Praise of Constantine."
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Eusebius of Nicomedia
(341) |
Very close to Constantine. Baptized Constantine on his death bed in 337. Arian leaning, whispered in Constantine's ear at Nicea. Probably responsible for the term Homoousius.
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Galerius
(303) |
Instigated the Great Persecution as Caesar under Diocletian in Illyricum. Progressive persecution began with destroying church buildings and scriptures, imprisoning bishops, and forcing sacrifice. Issued edict of toleration in 311 just before he died.
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Hippolytus & Callistus
(170-236 in Rome) |
Conflict between the two. Hip. wrote "The Refutation of All Heresies". Callistus was a former slave who became a Bishop. Hippolytus was an educated man. They had many points of contention, but basically, Hippolytus saw the church as a pure community with little toleration and Callistus upheld the possibility of forgiveness and reconciliation.
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Ignatius of Antioch
(50-97/114) |
Apostolic father arrested under Trajan. Wrote 7 letters on his way to Martyrdom in Rome. First to attest to the three offices in the local church.
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Jacob Baradaeus
(6th Century Syria) |
"Ragged" Traveled around appointing henophosite clergy while evading authorities. Syriac Orthodox is sometimes called "Jacobite" after him.
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John Cassian
(Gaul) |
Ascetic monk believed that cenobitic monasticism was training for solitary hermits.
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John Chrysostom
(347-407) |
Bishop of Constantinople. From Antioch, bapt. at 18, lived 2 years in a cave, became the "Golden Mouth" preacher in Antioch. Called to Constantinople in 397 as bishop. Liked by the populace, despised by the wealthy and powerful (esp. Eudoxia). Deposed but reinstated by by popular demand, then later exiled where he died.
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John of Damascus
(7th-8th centuries) |
Defender of Icons. Wrote, "Fountain of Knowledge". Systematic and comprehensive theologian.
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Emperor Julian
(Mid 4th Century) |
Tries to reinstate Paganism. (the Apostate)
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Justin Martyr
( -167) |
Apologist who explained Christian practices against the big three allegations of incest, cannibalism, and atheism. Martyred in Rome.
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Justinian
(527-565) |
Tried to reconquer the old territories of Rome. Built Hagia Sophia. Drained the Empire's economic resources. Is a highly influential lawgiver. Issued "Three Chapters" against Nestorian theologians.
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Leo III (717-741), Constantine V, Leo IV, Irene
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Four Byzantine rulers that were involved in the iconoclastic controversy. Leo III issued edict against icons in 730, Constantine V followed his steps, Leo IV was milder in his stance and his wido Irene reversed Leo III's ruling in 754. Irene helped organize the 7th Ecumenical council of Nicea II in 787 which supported veneration of icons.
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Marcion
(Mid 2nd Century) |
Wealthy man who came to rome and bought a teaching position, kicked out in 144 b/c of docetic views. Extreme ascetic.
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Montanus
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Claimed to be a prophet. Very charismatic, preached that the end was coming very soon. Tertullian was the most famous convert.
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Nero
(54-68) |
Instigates a local persecution of Christians because he blamed them for a fire that he likely started himself. Peter and Paul are Martyred during his reign
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Nestorius
(5th Century Antioch) |
Bishop who opposed Cyril. Preferred Christotokos.
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Origen
( -254) |
Father was martyred. Made himself a eunuch. Formulated Logos Christology. Wrote against celsus.
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Pliny the Younger
(112) |
Roman governor in Bithynia who worte to Trajan on how to deal with the Christians.
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Polycarp
( -155) |
Bishop of Smyrna. First passion of a Martyr. His letter to the Philippians is saturated with NT language
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Pseudo Dionysius
(ca 500 Greece) |
Wrote under the name of Dionysius, a convert of Paul mentioned in Acts 17:34. Influenced by neoplatonism, his writings stressed the mystical union with God. Described human salvation as divinization in three stages: Purification, illumination, and perfection. Writings include: Celestial Hierarchy, On Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, On Divine Names, and Mystical Theology.
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Quartodecimans
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Claimed the proper day for Easter was the 14th day of the month.
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Simeon Stylites
(Early 5th Century Syria) |
Lived on top of a pillar
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Theodosius I
(Emperor in 379) |
Christian Emperor who called the council of Constantinople in 381 and later issues an edict making Nicene orthodoxy the official religion of the empire.
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Valentinus
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2nd Century Christian gnostic who also appropriated Platonic language. The most influential of the Christian gnostics. (full explanation of his theology is on Ferg. 96)
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Catacombs
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Tombs. Christian tombs had inscriptions and symbols.
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Dura Europa
(Mid 3rd Century) |
House that was converted to a church building. Earliest known Christian church building. Walls covered with many scenes from the Bible. Had a baptistry.
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