History Of Animation Final Review 2

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Kineograph

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The illusion of movement occurs when slightly varying pictures replace each other in a swift succession, each appearing for about 1/16 of a second.

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Thaumatrope

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1826 attributed to Dr. William Henry Fitton and later manufactured by Dr. John Ayrton Paris. A disk or car with a picture on each side is attached to two pieces of string. When twirled, the two pictures appear to combine.

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Peter Mark Roget

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(1779 - 1869) Explained the Persistence of Vision after viewing a passing cart through the slats of his blinds.

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Persistence of Vision

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The phenomenon of the eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina.

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Phenakistoscope

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1839 also spelled phenakistiscope.

An early animation device, predecessor to the zoetrope. Invented in 1832. A spinning disc mounted vertically on a handle. The user would spin the disc and look through the radial slits at the disc's reflection in a mirror.

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Zoetrope

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1865 A device that produces an illusion of action from a rapid succession of static pictures. From the Greek words "life" and "turn" ("wheel of life")

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Camera Obscura

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(Latin = veiled chamber) An optical device used in drawing for entertainment. It is a box with a hole in one side and light from a scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface where it is reproduced, in color, and upside down.

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Magic Lantern

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1600 Drawings made on a translucent material in which a lamp was placed behind the drawing and lens in front and cast the drawings shadows on the wall.

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Eadward James Muybridge

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(1830 - 1904) Began photographing animals in 1872 using a battery of still cameras. By 1880's the cameras were equipped with electrically tripped shutters. Known for his renderings of animals and humans in motion.

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Kinetoscope

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An early motion picture exhibition device. Creates the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. First described conceptually by Thomas Edison in 1888. Developed by William Laurie Dickenson b/w 1889 - 1892. They also devised the Kinetograph. 1894 - the first commercial exhibition of motion pictures in history was given in NYC, using 10 of these (instrumental birth of American movie culture.)

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Kinetophone

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Introduced by Edison in 1895. It joined the Kinetoscope with a cylinder phonograph.

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"The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots"

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The first recorded stop motion, 1895.

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George Melies

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(1861 - 1938) Former stage magician. Began making short highly imaginative films in 1898. Churned out hundreds of inventive subjects incorporating stop-action, multiple exposures, and fantastic imagery.

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James Stuart Blackton

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(1875 - 1941) was primarily a cartoonist who entertained vaudeville audiences. Through the trick of stop - motion, he leaped from one career to another. In 1906 Blackton made a film called Humorous Phases of Funny Faces.

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Two elements the persisted in early drawn animated films

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1. The ever-present cartoonist's hand as the initiator of the story.

2. The imitation of even direct stealing of other's themes and ideas.

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Emile Cohl

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(1857 - 1938) French Cartoonist. Began animating in 1908. Cohl's art reflected intricate, cross-hatching, detailed typical of 19th century. Spent his professional life as a newspaper and magazine illustrator, at age 45 he dedicated himself to film and animation. His film: Fantasmagorie (1908).

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Winsor McCay

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(1867 - 1934) self-taught newspaper artist. His career began sketching patrons at a Detroit dime museum, a circus-like funhouse and vaudeville affair. He was a master storyteller with extraordinary grasp of perspective and scale. He advanced to New Your Herald. He eventually output 10 shorts, b/c 1911 and 1921. Best known for Gertie (1914) and Sinking of the Luistania(1918).

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Disney's Nine Old Men

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Les Clark, Marc Davis, Ollie Johnston, Milt Kahl, Ward Kimball, Eric Larson, John Lounsbery, Wolfgang Reitherman, and Frank Thomas

They were the core animators at Walt Disney named after Roosevelt's dismissive nine justices of the US Supreme Court.

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Les Clark

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(1907 - 1979) A Nine Men. Joined Disney in 1927. Specialty was animating Mickey Mouse - only one to work on the character from its origin with Ub Iwerks.

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Marc Davis

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(1913 - 2000) A Nine Men. Started in 1935 on Snow White. He Developed/animated characters Bambi, Thumper, Maleficent, Raven, and Cruella de Vil.

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Ollie Johnston

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(1912 - 2008) Joined Disney in 1935 to work on Snow White. He went on to co-author the animator's bible The Illusion of Life with Frank Thomas. His work includes Mr. Smee, the Stepsisters, and Prince John.

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Milt Kahl

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(1909 - 1987) Started in 1934 to work on Snow White. His work included villains such as Shere Khan, Edgar the Butler, Seriff of Nottingham, and Madame Medusa.

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Ward Kimball

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(1914- 2002) joined Disney in 1934. His work included Lucifer, Jaq and Gus, the Mad Hatter and Cheshire Cat. His work was ofter more 'wild' than the other Disney animators and was unique.

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Eric Larson

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(1905-1988) joined Disney in 1933. One of the top animators at Disney, his work included Peg, the Vultures, Peter Pan's flight over London to Neverland, and Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and Brer Bear. Because of Larson's demeanor and ability to train new talent, Larson was given the task to spot and train new animators at Disney in the 1970's. Many of the top talents at Disney today were trained by Eric in the 70's and 80's.

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John Lounsbery

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(1911-1976) started in 1935 working under Norm "Fergy" Ferguson, quickly became a star animator. He is known as 'Louns' by his fellow animators, was an incredibly strong draftsman who inspired many animators over the years. His animation was noted for its squashy, stretchy feel. He animated Ben Ali Gator, George Darling, Tony, Joe and some of the dogs, the Kings, the Elephants.

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Wolfgang Reitherman

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(1909-1985) - joined in 1933 as an animator and director. Directed all the animated Disney films after Walt's death until his retirement. His work includes Monstro, the Crocodile, the Dragon, the rat.

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Frank Thomas

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(1912 - 2004) joined Disney in 1934. Went on to co-author the animator's bible The Illusion of Life with Ollie Johnston. His work included the wicked Stepmother, Queen of Hearts and Captain Hook.

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12 Principles of Animation

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1. Squash and Stretch

2. Anticipation

3. Staging

4. Straight-Forward Action and Pose-to-pose

5. Follow-Through and Overlapping Action

6. Slow-In and Slow-Out

7. Arcs

8. Secondary Action

9. Timing

10. Exaggeration

11. Solid Drawing

12. Appeal

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Technocolor Company

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1932 announced the greatly improved three-strip process

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1930's most popular Cartoon

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1933 - the Silly Symphony The Three Little Pigs took advantage to color and sound to song Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?-

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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

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released in 1937. Was the first animated feature in color and sound. It cost $1,488,000 and made $8,538,000.

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Willie the Worm

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earliest mention of made-for-television animation in America. An eight - minute cartoon that aired on NBC in 1938 and animated by Chad Grothkopf

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Pinocchio and Fantasia

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Both released by Disney in 1940 and did poorly in the box office.

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May 29th 1941

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300 Disney artists went on strike. The walkout lasted 9 weeks. The grievance was about inadequate salaries, lack of creative recognition, and exclusion from voicing opinions on company policies.

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Termite Terrace

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inspired name given to the ramshackle structure where Warner Bros animators created Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoon short subjects and brought Porky Pig and Elmer Fudd to life.

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Tex Avery

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(1908-1980) an animator, cartoonist, voice actor and director during the Golden Age of Animation. Most significant work at Warner Bros (starting in 1935) and MGM studios, were Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, and developing Porky Pig. "In a cartoon, you can do anything"

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Bob Clampett

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(1913 - 1984) an animator, producer, director, and puppeteer who was best known for his work on the Looney Tunes series at Warner Bros. He put the word 'looney' into Looney Tunes.

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"Friz" Freleng

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(1906-1995) an animator, cartoonist, director, and producer. Worked on Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series at Warner Bros. Introduced Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Yosemite Sam, and Speedy Gonzales. most honored of the Warner directors having directed 266 cartoons and won 4 academy awards. The Pink Panther

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Chuck Jones

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(1912-2002) joined Warner Bros in 1933. Was assigned to work with Tex Avery in 1935. An animator, cartoon artist, screenwriter, producer, and director. Directed shorts Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and other characters. 1962 his career ended at Warner Bros and he continued to produce Tom and Jerry and How the Grinch Stole Christmas.

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Hannah-Barbara Studios

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founded in 1957 when former MGM animation directors William Hanna and Joseph Barbera partnered with Columbia Studios. The studio produced The Flinstones, Johnny Quest, Scooby Doo, The Smurfs, Yogi Bear, The Jetsons, The Huckleberry Hound Show, Top Cat, Wacky Races, The Quick Draw McGraw Show, Tom and Jerry, and Space Ghost.

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United Productions of America (UPA)

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began when former Disney animators, some who had been involved in the 1941 strike, took an assignment from the United Automobile Workers Union.

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Gerald MCBoing-Boing

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based on a story by Dr. Seuss - A milestone in animation history for its approach to graphics. (A UPA short)

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101 Dalmations

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Used Ub Iwerks Xerox machine. 1950's

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Annecy

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French resort town where the longest running film animation festival began in 1960

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The Dot and the Line

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1965 - Chuck Jones produced at MGM studios and was awarded an Oscar.

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Yellow Submarine

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1968 Beatles animated film with a bold graphical style inspired a new generation of animators.

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Paul Terry

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(1887 - 1971) Owner of Terrytoons. Produced cartoons such as Mighty Mouse and Heckle and Jeckle.

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Max Fleischer

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(1883 - 1972) pioneer in the development of animated cartoons. As head of Fleischer Studios, he developed characters such as Betty Boop, Koki the Clown, Popeye, and Superman. Used rotoscope to simplify the process of animating. He invented the "follow the bouncing ball" technique for sing along shorts in 1924.

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Felix the Cat

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produced by Pat Sullivan. Was the preeminent animated character between 1919 and 1930

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Pat Sullivan

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(1886 - 1932) sometime prizefighter and newspaper cartoonist, arrived in New York penniless from Australia. After producing Felix the Cat, became famous. Slowly converted the cartoon to sound and the 1930's cat faded from the screen.

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Otto Messmer

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(1892 - 1983) created Felix the Cat under Pat's direction for the initial short Feline Follies. He also produced Felix comic books in the 1940-1950's for companies like Harvey Comics and Paramount Studios.

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Walt Disney

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(1901 - 1966) was a film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist. He was co-founder with his brother Roy of Walt Disney Productions. He and his staff created the worlds most famous fictional characters including Micky Mouse, which Disney himself was the original voice.

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Ub Iwerks

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(1901 - 1971) two-time Academy Award winning animator, cartoonist, inventor, and special effects technician and creator of Mickey Mouse. Walt's best friend. From 1930-1936 he ran Iwerks Studio and created Flip the Frog. He then returned to Disney Studios where he worked on special visual effects. also worked on The Birds in 1963.

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The Jazz Singer

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1927, attributed to the final curtain to silent movies. (Warner Bros)

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Warner Bros Studios

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honors the four founding brothers Harry, Albert, Sam, and Jack when it was incorporated in 1924. Was a pioneer of films with synchronized sound, known as 'talking pictures' or talkies.

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MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios)

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a film and television production and distribution company, founded in 1924 when entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control and combined Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures Corporations, and Louis B. Mayer Productions.

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Ralph Bakshi

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(1938- ) is an American animator and live-action director who began his career at Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher. in 1972 he directed the animated feature film Fritz the Cat which was the first animated film to receive an X-rating from the Motion Picture Association of America. Known for his films: Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pup(1981), Fire and Ice (1983), and Cool World (1992).

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Bill Plympton

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(1946 - ) an American animator, graphic designer, cartoonist, director, screenwriter, and producer. Best known for his 1987 Academy Award nominated animated short Your Face.

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Richard Williams

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(1933 - ) Canadian/British animator best known for serving as animation director on Disney's film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988). He also directed the Academy Award winning A Christmas Carol(1971), Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977). Author of the Animator's Survival Kit (2002)

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John Halas

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"Human inventiveness and technological developments often occur just at the point of decay in an existing condition or way of doing things"

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Don Bluth

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(1937- ) an American animator, writer, film producer and director, and videogame designer. He left Walt Disney Company in 1979 and started his own animation studio directing animated films such as the Secret of NIMH (1982), An American Tail (1986), The Land Before Time (1988), All Dogs got to Heaven (1997) Also see videogame - Dragon's Lair.

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Matt Groening

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(1954 - ) An American cartoonist, screenwriter, producer, animator, author, musician, comedian, and voice actor. He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell (1977-2012) as well as 2 successful television series, The Simpsons (1989-present) and Futurama (1999-2003, 2008-2013)

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John Kricfalusi (aka John K)

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(1955 - ) a Canadian animator and creator of Ren and Stimpy show and founder of his former animation studio Spumco.

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John Lasseter

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(1957 - ) an animator, film director screenwriter, producer, and chief Creative officer of Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios. He won two student awards for Lady and the Tramp and Nightmare. Nominated for Academy Award for his 2 minute Luxo Jr (1986), Tin Toy (1988) and Achievement award for Toy Story (1995).

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Pixar

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1986 - established by Steve Jobs.

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Bruce Timm

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(1961 - ) an American character designer, animator, and producer. Also a writer and comic book artist. Blackstar, Flash Gordon, He-Man, and The Masters of the Universe. and its spin off She-Ra: Princess of Power. Also worked on Tiny Toons Adventures Best known for DCAU (DC animated Universe) Batman:The animated Series

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Mike Judge

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(1962 - ) a four time Emmy-nominated American animator, producer, writer, and director. Known for Bevis and Butthead (1993-1997, 2011) and King of the Kill (1997 - 2010).