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64 Cards in this Set
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Benito Mussolini
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leader of Italy during WWII
An Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. He became the 40th Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by 1925. After 1936, his official title was "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire".[1] Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; for a short period after this until his death, he was the leader of the Italian Social Republic. |
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Winston Churchill
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prime minister of Great Britain
A British politician known chiefly for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He served as Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955 |
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Josef Stalin
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became dictator in Russia after death of Lenin, communist
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin launched a command economy, replacing the New Economic Policy of the 1920s with Five-Year Plans and launching a period of rapid industrialization and economic collectivization. The upheaval in the agricultural sector disrupted food production, resulting in widespread famine, such as the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932-1933, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor. |
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Harry Truman
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He as the Vice President who became President when Roosevelt died right before the war ended.
US President who made decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan -Democrat -Created Fair Deal -First president to make civil rights a national issue |
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Fidel Castro
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communist leader of Cuba
against US imperialism and starts a movement 1st called "Cuba for Cubans" and the "the 26th of July movement" after attempt to take a military base goes wrong; prime minister after Batista is gone "The 26th of July Movement" name of Castro's movement after attack on Moncada military base kills revolutionaries, used as propaganda organized an armed rebellion against the corrupt cuban dictator who took over the gov, changing it to communism and severly limiting ppl's rights |
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1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
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USSR moves troops, tanks, and nuclear weapons into Cuba; US has missiles in Turkey;both countries agree to pull out missiles and US promises not to attack Cuba
event that caused Khrushchev to lose prestige in the soviet union A confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold War. In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. When United States military intelligence discovered the weapons, the U.S. government did all it could to ensure the removal of the missiles. The crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, and is generally regarded, along with the Able Archer 83 incident in 1983, as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war. - During Cold War, after unsuccessful tries of the US to overthrow Cuban regime (Bay of Pigs) - USSR placed multiple nuclear missiles in Ciba, sparking the tension with USA; Mikoyan opposed giving Cuban’s control of USSR |
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1961 Bay of Pigs
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unsuccessful attempt by CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro, cost the US 2 years of negotiations and $53 mill in medicine, baby food, and tractors
An unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro |
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Fall of the Berlin Wall
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1989
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United Nations
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replaced the League of Nations, promote peace and prevent war
51 nations signed the UN charter in 1951. Pledged to save future generations from the scourge of war. Similar structure to LoN. Secreteriat, Administrative section, Security Council – 5 permanent members, Fr, GB, US, China, SU, 15 non-permanent members. Any nation on the council can block the UN. All major powers joined. Was able to put together “peace-keeping” forces when necessary. -Established in NYC, 1945 -United in theory, divided in reality |
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Truman Doctrine
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Truman's speech to congress; choose between the US or USSR way of life
support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Basically armed protection of countries attacked by the SU id that the US would provide money to countries that said they were threatened by Communist expansion - wanted to prevent communism from spreading -US gave a lot of money to Greece (during their civil war)/Turkey -Helped people who didn't get democratic freedom -Promised money and other support The US economy frew rapidly, and the nation's role in the world expanded after WW2 Who: When: 1947 Where: Made during the crisis of the Greek Civil War. What: Policy set by Truman stating that the U.S would support Greece and Turkey w/ economic and military aid to prevent falling into the Soviet Sphere. Why/Sig: British had previously supported Greece but was bankrupt and requested US to take over its role in supporting Greek. Sent 400million to the region and both joined NATO |
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Marshall Plan
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$13 bill economic recovery plan; US perspective:countries in economic turmoil are vulnerable to communism, policy directed against "hunger, poverty, desperation, chaos"; USSR perspective: create a bloc of states bound by obligations to the US
Established by the U.S. (George Marshall) to help Europe recover. 16 countries received a total of $13 billion -also called the European Recovery Program -gave a lot of money for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe - mainly for western countries -helped a lot of countries -Soviet Union/eastern European states did not participate in it Helped to rebuild European countries after WW2 WW2 caused lasting changes in the lives of civilians • Wanted to give Europe lots of money to help them et back on their feet. • Western European economy began to get back on their feet. o Not just altruistic o They needed to buy things from the US if we give you money. • Tool of the cold war, indirectly made it worse. o SU sees US helping Europe as more capitalism hostile |
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NATO
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military alliance of support for US
response to the Warsaw Pact, stands for N. Atlantic Treaty Org., members were W. Europe, US, Canada, still exists today, made to defend from possible Comm. attacks North Atlantic Treaty Org. U.S., Canada, and 10 other nations. First peace-time alliance for the U.S. -Formed by US, Canada, and 10 Western European countries after WW2 -US offered $13 billion in aid to Western and Southern Europe The US economy frew rapidly, and the nation's role in the world expanded after WW2 |
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Daniel Ortega
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one of the students at the University of Nicaragua who began the FSLN, becomes Pres. of Nicaragua
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Sandanista Front of National Liberation(FSLN)
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begun by students at the university of nicaragua: Carlos Fonseca, Thomas Borge, and Daniel Ortega; used tactics such as kidnapping gov. officials for ransom
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Contras
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counter revolutionaries who opposed the FSLN; 12,000 Nicaraguan troops with free license to destroy the economy and terrorize the population; use of landmines, kidnapping, rape, murder
guerrillas who fought the sandinistas |
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North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)
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agreement b/t US, Canada, and possibly Mexico if they remove Article 27; remove obstacles to free market, encourage foreign investment, privatization of industry and landholding
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Frankin D. Roosevelt
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U.S. President during WW II
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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The American army leader. Leader of all Allied forces in Europe
A five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. During the Second World War, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. As President, Ike oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, maintained pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, launched the Space Race, signed legislation that enlarged the Social Security program, and began the Interstate Highway System. He was the last World War I veteran to serve as U.S. president, and the last president born in the 19th century. Eisenhower ranks highly among former U.S. presidents in terms of approval rating. |
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Nikita Khrushchev
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member of the soviet communist party who came to power after stalin's death
A Soviet politician during the Cold War era. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev Son of a coal miner, little education. Shrewd and tough as a politician. Became Soviet premiere in 1958. Tried to destroy the memory and policies of Stalin. Tore down monuments. Called for too many reforms, which brought an end to his career. Voted to remove him after he backed down in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Soviet Union -destalinization -economy decreased -condemned Stalin for his violence -rebellions started in ea |
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Leonid Brezhnev
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succeeded Khrushchev as leader of the communist party in the soviet union
He was a Soviet Premier who was best known for cracking down on dissidents in the 1970s. Wanted to end domestic dissent. Censored the media. Strictly limited human rights. Stated that the SU had the right to use force to keep the E European countries from turning away from communism Soviet Union -no reform -Brezhnev Doctrine -more Western culture -economy decreased -agriculture problems - had to borrow grain from the west, esp the US - becoming more dependent on capitalist countries -anti semitism critics of him were arrested |
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Prague Spring
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It was a blossoming of freedom but Soviet leaders feared threats to their power and violently put an end to such ideas.
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Sputnik
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The Sputnik program was a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, Sputnik 1, launched the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. That launch took place on October 4, 1957 as part of the International Geophysical Year and demonstrated the viability of using artificial satellites to explore the upper atmosphere.
The Russian word sputnik literally means "co-traveler", "traveling companion" or "satellite", and its R-7 launch vehicle was designed initially to carry nuclear warheads. The first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the Space Race within the Cold War. Who: Russia When: Begin in 1957 Where: Russia What: spacecraft mission launched by the Soviet Union, the |
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Bolsheviks
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Lenin's gang of Communists/followers, took over Russia in 1917
the party of Lenin in Russia, became the communist party, seized power during the October Revolution (over threw the provisional gov't) |
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Karl Marx
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German philosopher
Invented Communist theory, wrote the book "Communist Manifesto", during the industrial revolution |
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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got NPP for ending Comm. in Russia, ended dispute between US and Russia, final leader of USSR, his leadership is the main reason why Cold War ended
The seventh and last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.Gorbachev's attempts at reform as well as summit conferences with United States President Ronald Reagan and his reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the Cold War, ended the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He was a Soviet Premier who introduced reform programs into U.S.S.R. in the 1980s Worked his way up the party. Became the first party general secretary. Signed SALT treaties. Opened the way for the Détente era. Introduced Gasnost. 1k churches reopened, jews were allowed to leave the country, some dissidents were released from prison. Banned books were |
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Chernobyl, Ukraine
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Was bombed in 1986 - The worst nuclear disaster besides Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Nuclear reactor exploded sending a cloud of radiation into the air. (1986) This accident release large amounts of radiation that not only affected the immediate area, (Ukraine,) but also was carried on strong winds across many countries in Europe. |
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The Russian Czarist reign
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Came to an end in 1917, when Lenin took over with Communism
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Lenin
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Lenin lived without luxury as he practiced what he preached (communism), only using what he would need
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HUAC
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The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC or HCUA,[1] 1938–1975) was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975,[2] its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.
The committee's anti-communist investigations are often confused with those of Senator Joseph McCarthy.[3] McCarthy, as a senator, had no direct involvement with this House committee.[4] McCarthy was the chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. -A commitee in te HOR (House of Representatives) that targeted Americans who were suspected of being communists -Mainly focused on actors, directors, and writers in the movie industry It made up stories that innocent people were communists House Un-American Activities Committee Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, established in 1938 under Martin Dies as chairman, that conducte |
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Margaret Thatcher
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Great Britain's first female prime minister, elected in 1979. Known as "The Iron Lady".
Won a landslide victory for Prime Minister. First woman to lead a major western democracy. Cut gov’t spending and taxes 1st FEMALE PM of Gb, conservative, helped the economy, cut taxes, thacherism (hard line on unions)-> cuts inflation, this raised unemloyment, looses popularity and removed Britain -conservatives, first woman prime minister -limit social welfare, reduce gov bureaucracy, end inflation, lower taxes -thatcherism -cutbacks in education |
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Massctrichit Treaty
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the treaty that changed the EEC to the EU and committed Europe to the Euro. unifies @ a higher level
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Perestroika
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cornerstone of gorbachev's reform reconstructuring a recording of economic policy
Gorbachev's plan for solving soviet domestic problems First aimed at modified marxism with the state controlling all businesses economic restructuring under Gorbachev |
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Glasnost
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openness one of the most important parts of the perestoka
glasnost was used as an advantage by ethnic and national groups to press for more autonomy openness - Tell it Like it is - freedom of the press, honesty in the press |
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Lech Welesea
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Leader of the solidarity movement in poland
[an independent labor movement in poland it formed a new govet which led to a new govt that ended communist rule] Leader of a shipyard worker’s strike in Poland. Refused to work until their union “Solidarity” was recognized. led the polish in rebellion against the soviet union |
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German Reunification
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the section that was formerly east germany ceased to exist as a seperate city
Germany was once again one solid state. |
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Ronald Reagan
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He was the U.S. President elected in 1981, he led a "conservative revolution."
launched a program to build a 'star wars' missile defense against nuclear attack. critics said it would violate the ABM but they still signed START to reduce arms |
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Charles de Gaulle
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He was the French president who founded the Fifth Republic in the 1950s.
WWII hero. Led the free French gov’t, which was exiled to Britain during the war. Called upon in 1958 to become president. Very independent, wanted to make france more powerful -during the war, he led some resistance groups and helped the pro gov after the war -he thought the 4th repucblic with its system based on parties was weak -caused him to withdraw from politics -later created the French Popular Movement (rightist organization) He blamed the parties for France's problems and wanted a stronger presidency -France -president of France -increased the power of president -economy increased a lot -economic decision making more centralized -France was a major industrial exporter/importer -wanted to make France a great power again -took France out of NATO -allowed Algerian indep -invested in nuclear arms race |
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Yugoslavia
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-it was created at the end of WWI
-Josip Broz "Tito" (leader of the Communist resistance movement) established an indep Communist state -Stalin tried to take control of Yugo, but Tito did not give into the demands of Stalin and got the support of the people by appealing to national Yugo freedom Joseph Tito, the communist leader in Yugoslavia had built up an army and fought the Germams and a civil war against the non-Communist serbs and croats. The USSR was keen to build up a military and political alliance with Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. Tito set up Communist regimes in Yugoslavia and Albania, and up to 1948 was a loyal ally of Stalin, but did also try to carry out his own policies independently of the USSR |
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German Parties - Social Democrats & Christian Democrats
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in western germany
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The Nuremburg Trials
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-Germany was troubled by its Nazi past
-many major Nazi leaders were tried/condemned as war criminals |
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European Coal and Steel Community ECSC
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European Coal and Steel Community
-formed by France, West Germany, Benelux countries, Italy -created a common market for coal and steel products be eliminating tariffs/other trade barriers |
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Parti Quebecois
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"Sovereignty - Association"- a slogan used by the Mouvement - Souverainete Association
- became the main objectice and motto of the Parti Quebecois - a concept that allowed Quebec to seperate from Canada yet associate through economics and politics |
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Sandinistas
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a movement of socialist rebels who toppled the ruling Somoza family. introduced land reform = US saw it as 'another cuba' and backed the contras
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Juan Peron
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nationalist president of Argentina who enjoyed great support from workers. increased gov role in economy and oppressed opposition = ousted in military coup
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Maasctricht Treaty
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Officially established the EU in 1993
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The National Security Act of 1947
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created the Modern American Intelligence Establishment
established the National Security Council to consider national security issues that require presidential decisions. It has four statutory members. They are The President, the Vice President, the Secretary of State and the SECDEF Who: Signed by Truman When: 1947 Where: On board presidential aircraft sacred cow the first Air Force One What: Realigned and reorganized the US Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence community apparatus in the aftermath of WWII. Why/Sig: It established first secretary of defense and later created Department of Defense. It merged Department of and Department of Navy and created a separate department of air force from existing army air force. Part of cold war strat along with Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine |
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M.A.D.
Mutual Assured Destruction |
a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender
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PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
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The traditional ruling party in Mexico
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Gerontocracy
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a form of coial organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power and prestige
Government by elders |
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Tito
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Yugoslavia
-kind of like a dictator -mixed economy -maintained stability for the different ethnic groups -economic ties with the Soviet Union |
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John F. Kennedy
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us president who supported an invasion attempt by cuban exiles. the bay of pigs invasion failed, but the us imposed a trade embargo (blockade) on cuba
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Alger Hiss
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Accused of being a spy for the soviet union during the second red scare - Along with Ethel and Julius Rosenberg who convicted of passing attomic secrets to the Soviots, executed in 1953
investicated by HUAC Who: American lawyer, civil servant, businessman, author When: Where: What: Involved in the establishment of the UN as US State Department and UN official. He was accused of being a soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in 1950. Why/Sig: significant because the argument about the case took center stage in a broader argument about the Cold War and the extent of Soviet espionage in the US |
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Joseph McCarthy
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-A Republican senator from Wisconsin
-He made up lies about people to put more fear of communism in America He showed that people can make up stories any time they want just so that they can get attention U.S. politician. He was a Wisconsin circuit judge (1940 – 42) before enlisting in the Marine Corps in World War II. In 1946 he upset Robert La Follette, Jr., to win election to the U.S. Senate. He remained little known until 1950, when he publicly charged that 205 communists had infiltrated the U.S. State Department. Reelected in 1952, he obtained the chairmanship of the Senate's permanent subcommittee on investigations, and for the next two years he investigated various government departments and questioned innumerable witnesses about their suspected communist affiliations. To his supporters, McCarthy was a dedicated patriot and a guardian of genuine Americanism; to his detractors, he was an irresponsible witch-hunter who was undermining the nation's traditions of civil liberties. The persecution of in |
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Richard Nixon
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The 37th President of the United States from 1969–1974 and was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961). Nixon was the only President to resign the office and also the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency. The most immediate task facing President Nixon was a resolution of the Vietnam War. He initially escalated the conflict, overseeing incursions into neighboring countries, though American military personnel were gradually withdrawn and he successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam in 1973, effectively ending American involvement in the war. His foreign policy initiatives were largely successful: his groundbreaking visit to the People's Republic of China in 1972 opened diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union.
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Milton Friedman
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best known for his theoretical and empirical research, especially consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.[1] He was an economic advisor to U.S. President Ronald Reagan
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John Maynard Keynes
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a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments
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Augusto Pinochet
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- Chilean army dictator
- President 1973-90 - Overthrows Salvador Allende in 1973 by a CIA (material) backed coup - Was a military dictator, very corrupt |
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Fulgencio Batista
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- depression dictator
- president, dictator, military leader - close with USA - toppled by Castro |
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Jacobo Arbenz
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- Defense minister
- Ousted in a coup led by US CIA, replaced by a military junta, Castillo - Popular with military, not with oligarchy - Land reform (agrarian) / Decree 900 |
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Falkland Islands
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- Falkland War: democracy restored in Argentina (1983)
- Argentine military invaded the Falkland Islands (1982) to get the population on their side; junta wanted USA on Argentinas side- Argentina & CIA intervention against Sandinistas Argentina tried to take control of the Falkland Islands (one of Britain's remaining colonial outposts) -the British crushed the Argentineans, the war created a lot of patriotic support for Thatcher |
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Salvador Allende
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Leader of socialist party in Chile,led a coalition,ruled for three years,overthrown
by Augusto Pinochet and military in 1973,characterized by demoicracy. |
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Vincente Fox
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Victor of the 2000 presidential election from the PAN (national action party) and former businessman. The first candidate from an opposition party to win the presidency since the Mexican Revolution.
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Francois Mitterand
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France
Socialist leader Francois Mitterand was elected president -social programs -nationalization of banks and industries and also some decentralization by giving local govs more power -economic problems -tries a lot of things to get France out of recession - cuts back on social things, tries to increase wages -Jacques Chirac later elected president |
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John Paul II
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-first not Italian pope, Polish
-strengthened the Catholic church in the non Western world |
