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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cold War Orthodoxy
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jd
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When:
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during the Vietnam War
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Where:
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United States
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What/Who
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Johnson and Nixon didn't want to pull the troops out and seem like failures. They didn't want a sense of betrayal towards them.
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Student Sit In Movement
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d
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When:
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Began in the 1940’s but are more well known in 1958 and into the early 1960’s
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Where:
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Oklahoma City, Greensboro, North Carolina, and Nashville.
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Why:
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To promote political, social, or economic change
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What/Who
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Form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for a protest
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How
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Protesters seat themselves at a strategic location, then remain there until evicted (usually by force) or arrested.
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significance
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eventually led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which ended overt, legally-sanctioned racial segregation in the United States
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Channeling
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selective service system. The US encouraged young men to get higher education and the people that did weren’t drafted into the war. Lower class was drafted.
Purposely didn’t want to draft. 1965 government document that there were other goals the army intended to achieve through the draft document was obtained and gave evidence to this system |
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Students for a Democratic Society
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d
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When:
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1960-1969
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Where
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Held first meeting on the University of Michigan campus.
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Why
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Disagreed with the political system of the US (mainly the war in Vietnam
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what/who
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a student activist movement in the United States. Alan Haber was the first president, then Tom Hayden
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how
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Held meetings and eventually large conventions around the country to spread the world. Held sit-ins, etc.
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Significance
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Created the New Left. Made the Port Huron Statement.
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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d
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When:
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passed on August 7th, 1964
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Where
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Southeast Asia
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Why
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Resolution in response to two alleged minor naval skirmishes off the coast of North Vietnam between U.S. destroyers and Vietnamese torpedo ships from the North (known as the Gulf of Tonkin)
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What/Who
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A joint resolution of the United States Congress
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How
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because we were attacked first
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Significance
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Gave President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization to use military force in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war.
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COINTELPRO
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j
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When:
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Began as early as 1956 and ended in 1971.
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Where:
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All over the United States
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Why
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They claimed they were protecting national security, preventing violence, and maintaining the existing social and political order."
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What/who
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The FBI’s covert action programs against American citizens. Systematic attempts to undermine, harass, and disrupt various political and racial organizations. (more directly)
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How
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Disruption, published false media stories, sent anonymous letters, used violence in break-ins, took advantage of the legal system, illegal surveillance, etc.
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SNCC
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j
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When
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emerged in April 1960, ended in the 1970’s
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Where
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Began in North Carolina then expanded to various states in the US.
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Why
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Disagreed with civil rights in the US
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What/Who
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, one of the principal organizations in the American Civil Rights movement. Ella Baker was the first leader. Marion Barry was the first chairman of SNCC and eventually became the mayor of Washington DC
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how
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Protests, had a staff of people helping, lived with victims scared of voting/losing their job, organized labor unions,
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Significance
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Played a major role in the sit ins and freedom rides, a leader role in the 1963 March on Washington, organized voter registration drives all over the South, and helped break the chains of psychological shackles black southerners had physically and emotionally.
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Counterculture
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j
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When
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1960 to the mid 1970's
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where
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all over the US, even expanding into different countries
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Why
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A reaction against the political conservatism and perceived social repression that prevailed during the 1950s.
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What/Who
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: Cultural protest movement. Involved civil rights, freedom of speech, new left, and the anti-war movement. It was shown through sex, drugs, and music (the beatles). The hippies were advocates for free love.
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How
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Listening to music, taking drugs, concerts (Woodstock), “free love”. PEACE.
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Significance
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Music. Culture truly began to blossom in this era and many artists expressed themselves and do up to this day. Paved the way for popular culture.
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Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
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k
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When
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Created in 1964
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Where
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Created in Mississippi
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Why
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To challenge the legitimacy of the white-only Democratic party.
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What/Who
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American political party. Organized by black and white Mississippians with assistance from the SNCC and the COFO (Council of Federated Organizations).
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How
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Freedom Summer Project (petition) Held local caucuses, county assemblies, and a state-wide convention elect 68 delegates (including 4 whites) to the national Democratic Party Convention
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Significance
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Though the MFDP failed to unseat the regulars at the convention, they did succeed in dramatizing the violence and injustice by which the white power structure governed Mississippi and disenfranchised black citizens. The MFDP and its convention challenge eventually helped pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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Tet Offensive
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d
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When
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Began on January 1st, 1968
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Where
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South Vietnam
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Why
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To end the war
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What/Who
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A military campaign during the Vietnam War that launched surprise attacks on cities and towns in South Vietnam. Vietcong and North Vietnamese vs the US and the South Vietnamese.
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How
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To strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple the Saigon government, thus ending the war in a single blow.
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Significance
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Considered to be a turning point in the Vietnam War. Helped unite those at home and their different opinions on the war.
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Guns and Butter
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models the relationship between a nation's investment in defense and civilian goods. In this model, a nation has to choose between two options when spending its finite resources. It can buy either guns (invest in defense/military) or butter (invest in production of goods), or a combination of both.
Lyndon B. Johnson |
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Kent State 1970
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j
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When
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May 4th 1970
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Where
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Kent State University
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Why
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Students were protesting against the American invasion of Cambodia that was announced by President Nixon on April 30th
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What/Who
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Shooting and killing of 4 unarmed college students and injuring 9 others by the Ohio National Guard.
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How
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Officials shot 67 rounds into a crowd of people within 13 seconds. Some of the people shot were merely walking by and not protesting.
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Significance
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Forced the National Guard to re-examine its methods of crowd control (for example, rubber bullets). The Center for Peaceful change was developed. Hundreds of colleges and schools closed around the country due to a student strike of 4 million people and the nation became even more undivided.
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Power Elite
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Leadership of the upper class, able to share the economy through their simultaneous access to both state and corporate power. People with a disproportionate amount of wealth.
The book, “The Power Elite” was written by C. Wright Mills in 1956. |
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“Credibility Gap”
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f
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When
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The term was originally used in 1962 regarding John F. Kennedy’s action in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but was displaying in 1965.
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Where
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First used in an issue of the New York Herald Tribune
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What/Who
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A political term used to describe the skepticism of the Johnson Administration’s statements and policies in the Vietnam War. Also used in the 1970’s the term was applied to Nixon’s own handling of the Vietnam War.
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Significance
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Shows opinions of what people think about the current handling of politics
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Growth Liberalism
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Poverty program that Kennedy wanted to implement but got assassinated. LBJ provided community programs. Increasing taxes would allow government to utilize. The increasing emphasis on individual freedoms .
The increasing emphasis on individual freedoms and then |
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Participatory Democracy
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j
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when
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1960’s into the 1970’s
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where
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all over the US
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Why
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people believed everyone should be involved in decisions and didn't agree with the political system
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what/who
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Direct democracy, in the sense that all citizens are actively involved in all important decisions.
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how
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youth and student movements in America
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significance
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Direct democracy was especially important in the American New Left, the French and British student movements, the early women's movements, and the anti-nuclear and peace movements of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Port Huron Statement
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j
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When
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written in 1962, completed on June 15, 1962.
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where
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written at an SDS convention in Michigan
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why
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: they felt American society was undemocratic, bureaucratic, militaristic. They wanted a community where no one would suffer from isolation, alienation, or want.
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what/who
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a statement written by the SDS (Students for a Democratic Society). Written primarily by Tom Hayden.
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significance
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Played a major role in the organization and displayed their values as a group.
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Bay of Pigs
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k
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when
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plan was launched in april 1961
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where
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cuba
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why
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to overthrow fidel castro
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what/who
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An unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
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how
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They left by ships and began bombing. Then they tried to cover it up by making it look like it was Cubans fighting Cubans and Americans weren’t involved. An attempted air attack failed as well, and they were forced to surrender. Many of the exiles were captures, some were killed, some were imprisoned, etc.
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significance
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Embarrassed the Kennedy Administration and made Castro wary of the US.
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Free Speech Movement
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j
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when
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1964-1965
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where
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university of california berkeley
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why
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In protests unprecedented at the time, students insisted that the university administration lift a ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom.
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what/who
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A student protest. Mario Savio was a prominent figure in the protest. Jack Weinberg (students surrounded police car he was put in)
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how
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protests and sit ins on the campus
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significance
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By January 1965, the chancellor established provisional rules for political activity on the campus. Had long lasting effects at the Berkeley campus. Ronald Regan was elected president.
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