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102 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cold War Orthodoxy
jd
When:
during the Vietnam War
Where:
United States
What/Who
Johnson and Nixon didn't want to pull the troops out and seem like failures. They didn't want a sense of betrayal towards them.
Student Sit In Movement
d
When:
Began in the 1940’s but are more well known in 1958 and into the early 1960’s
Where:
Oklahoma City, Greensboro, North Carolina, and Nashville.
Why:
To promote political, social, or economic change
What/Who
Form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for a protest
How
Protesters seat themselves at a strategic location, then remain there until evicted (usually by force) or arrested.
significance
eventually led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which ended overt, legally-sanctioned racial segregation in the United States
Channeling
selective service system. The US encouraged young men to get higher education and the people that did weren’t drafted into the war. Lower class was drafted.
Purposely didn’t want to draft.

1965 government document that there were other goals the army intended to achieve through the draft

document was obtained and gave evidence to this system
Students for a Democratic Society
d
When:
1960-1969
Where
Held first meeting on the University of Michigan campus.
Why
Disagreed with the political system of the US (mainly the war in Vietnam
what/who
a student activist movement in the United States. Alan Haber was the first president, then Tom Hayden
how
Held meetings and eventually large conventions around the country to spread the world. Held sit-ins, etc.
Significance
Created the New Left. Made the Port Huron Statement.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
d
When:
passed on August 7th, 1964
Where
Southeast Asia
Why
Resolution in response to two alleged minor naval skirmishes off the coast of North Vietnam between U.S. destroyers and Vietnamese torpedo ships from the North (known as the Gulf of Tonkin)
What/Who
A joint resolution of the United States Congress
How
because we were attacked first
Significance
Gave President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization to use military force in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war.
COINTELPRO
j
When:
Began as early as 1956 and ended in 1971.
Where:
All over the United States
Why
They claimed they were protecting national security, preventing violence, and maintaining the existing social and political order."
What/who
The FBI’s covert action programs against American citizens. Systematic attempts to undermine, harass, and disrupt various political and racial organizations. (more directly)
How
Disruption, published false media stories, sent anonymous letters, used violence in break-ins, took advantage of the legal system, illegal surveillance, etc.
SNCC
j
When
emerged in April 1960, ended in the 1970’s
Where
Began in North Carolina then expanded to various states in the US.
Why
Disagreed with civil rights in the US
What/Who
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, one of the principal organizations in the American Civil Rights movement. Ella Baker was the first leader. Marion Barry was the first chairman of SNCC and eventually became the mayor of Washington DC
how
Protests, had a staff of people helping, lived with victims scared of voting/losing their job, organized labor unions,
Significance
Played a major role in the sit ins and freedom rides, a leader role in the 1963 March on Washington, organized voter registration drives all over the South, and helped break the chains of psychological shackles black southerners had physically and emotionally.
Counterculture
j
When
1960 to the mid 1970's
where
all over the US, even expanding into different countries
Why
A reaction against the political conservatism and perceived social repression that prevailed during the 1950s.
What/Who
: Cultural protest movement. Involved civil rights, freedom of speech, new left, and the anti-war movement. It was shown through sex, drugs, and music (the beatles). The hippies were advocates for free love.
How
Listening to music, taking drugs, concerts (Woodstock), “free love”. PEACE.
Significance
Music. Culture truly began to blossom in this era and many artists expressed themselves and do up to this day. Paved the way for popular culture.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
k
When
Created in 1964
Where
Created in Mississippi
Why
To challenge the legitimacy of the white-only Democratic party.
What/Who
American political party. Organized by black and white Mississippians with assistance from the SNCC and the COFO (Council of Federated Organizations).
How
Freedom Summer Project (petition) Held local caucuses, county assemblies, and a state-wide convention elect 68 delegates (including 4 whites) to the national Democratic Party Convention
Significance
Though the MFDP failed to unseat the regulars at the convention, they did succeed in dramatizing the violence and injustice by which the white power structure governed Mississippi and disenfranchised black citizens. The MFDP and its convention challenge eventually helped pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Tet Offensive
d
When
Began on January 1st, 1968
Where
South Vietnam
Why
To end the war
What/Who
A military campaign during the Vietnam War that launched surprise attacks on cities and towns in South Vietnam. Vietcong and North Vietnamese vs the US and the South Vietnamese.
How
To strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple the Saigon government, thus ending the war in a single blow.
Significance
Considered to be a turning point in the Vietnam War. Helped unite those at home and their different opinions on the war.
Guns and Butter
models the relationship between a nation's investment in defense and civilian goods. In this model, a nation has to choose between two options when spending its finite resources. It can buy either guns (invest in defense/military) or butter (invest in production of goods), or a combination of both.

Lyndon B. Johnson
Kent State 1970
j
When
May 4th 1970
Where
Kent State University
Why
Students were protesting against the American invasion of Cambodia that was announced by President Nixon on April 30th
What/Who
Shooting and killing of 4 unarmed college students and injuring 9 others by the Ohio National Guard.
How
Officials shot 67 rounds into a crowd of people within 13 seconds. Some of the people shot were merely walking by and not protesting.
Significance
Forced the National Guard to re-examine its methods of crowd control (for example, rubber bullets). The Center for Peaceful change was developed. Hundreds of colleges and schools closed around the country due to a student strike of 4 million people and the nation became even more undivided.
Power Elite
Leadership of the upper class, able to share the economy through their simultaneous access to both state and corporate power. People with a disproportionate amount of wealth.

The book, “The Power Elite” was written by C. Wright Mills in 1956.
“Credibility Gap”
f
When
The term was originally used in 1962 regarding John F. Kennedy’s action in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but was displaying in 1965.
Where
First used in an issue of the New York Herald Tribune
What/Who
A political term used to describe the skepticism of the Johnson Administration’s statements and policies in the Vietnam War. Also used in the 1970’s the term was applied to Nixon’s own handling of the Vietnam War.
Significance
Shows opinions of what people think about the current handling of politics
Growth Liberalism
Poverty program that Kennedy wanted to implement but got assassinated. LBJ provided community programs. Increasing taxes would allow government to utilize. The increasing emphasis on individual freedoms .

The increasing emphasis on individual freedoms and then
Participatory Democracy
j
when
1960’s into the 1970’s
where
all over the US
Why
people believed everyone should be involved in decisions and didn't agree with the political system
what/who
Direct democracy, in the sense that all citizens are actively involved in all important decisions.
how
youth and student movements in America
significance
Direct democracy was especially important in the American New Left, the French and British student movements, the early women's movements, and the anti-nuclear and peace movements of the 1960s and 1970s.
Port Huron Statement
j
When
written in 1962, completed on June 15, 1962.
where
written at an SDS convention in Michigan
why
: they felt American society was undemocratic, bureaucratic, militaristic. They wanted a community where no one would suffer from isolation, alienation, or want.
what/who
a statement written by the SDS (Students for a Democratic Society). Written primarily by Tom Hayden.
significance
Played a major role in the organization and displayed their values as a group.
Bay of Pigs
k
when
plan was launched in april 1961
where
cuba
why
to overthrow fidel castro
what/who
An unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
how
They left by ships and began bombing. Then they tried to cover it up by making it look like it was Cubans fighting Cubans and Americans weren’t involved. An attempted air attack failed as well, and they were forced to surrender. Many of the exiles were captures, some were killed, some were imprisoned, etc.
significance
Embarrassed the Kennedy Administration and made Castro wary of the US.
Free Speech Movement
j
when
1964-1965
where
university of california berkeley
why
In protests unprecedented at the time, students insisted that the university administration lift a ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom.
what/who
A student protest. Mario Savio was a prominent figure in the protest. Jack Weinberg (students surrounded police car he was put in)
how
protests and sit ins on the campus
significance
By January 1965, the chancellor established provisional rules for political activity on the campus. Had long lasting effects at the Berkeley campus. Ronald Regan was elected president.