History Mid-Term Freshmen

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Anthropologists

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people who piece together how an ancient culture or society lived

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pre-history

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period of history before any writing

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old tools,utensils

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artifacts

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an animal or human bone

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fossil

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monotheistic

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one god

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polytheistic

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many gods

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historians

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people who are mainly concerned with old ancient writings

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archeologists

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people who dig to find ancient items that are from past civilizations.

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bronze age

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time when bronze was used is called

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iron age

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time when iron was used is called

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Radiocarbon dating

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living things absorb radioactive carbon(C-14) Mesuring amount left in object, scientists can figure out its age.

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Thermo-luminescence

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dating 200,000 years ago. Measures the light given off by electrons trapped in the soil surrounding fossil and artifacts.

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DNA

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Blood molecules may survive millions of years. Shows the tools, and the animals they killed. This DNA providing information on human evolution.

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Hominid

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Human-like creature who walked upright. Earliest lived in Africa 4 millions years ago.

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Australopithecus

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southern ape that flourished in eastern and southern Africa.

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Homo sapiens

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"Wise humans." first to have the anatomy similar to people today. "out of Africa theory" Spread out of Africa, replacing populations of early humans in Europe and Asia.

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Cuneiform

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wedged shaped writing used to write down; Gods and records.

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Ziggurats

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temples built to worship Gods. (built for the moon God)

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Ramses II

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Greatest Egyptian pharaoh. built many monuments and had over 30 wives and 90 children.

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Hammurabi code

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first written law that had regulations for civil and criminal offenses.

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Hittites

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group of people were the first to use and manufacture iron weapons.

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theocracy

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a government by divine authority.

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Hammurabi

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was leader during Babylon during the strict code of law.

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Rosetta Stone

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another language above Egyptian hieroglyphic writings. Discovery allowed translate Egyptian writings.

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Bureaucracy

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administrative organization with officials and regular procedures.

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Hyksos

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used a horse-drawn war chariots to overwhelm the Egyptian soldiers.Egyptians adopted adopted military and drove out Hyksos, re-uniting Egypt. (New kingdom)

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Writing Egyptians used

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hieroglyphics. (heretic script)

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Queen Hatshepsut

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1st women pharaoh.

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King Solomon

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Son of David. restored Jerusalem to Jews. Jerusalem was the holy place for them.

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Satrap

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collected taxes,provided justice and recruited soldiers.

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caste

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every Indian born into a caste, a social group defined by occupation and family lineage. Determined what job people could have, whom they could marry, and hat groups they could socialize with.

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varnas

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social groups that ranked people from high to low.

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Sanskrit

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indo-european language.

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Hinduism

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Aryan peoples

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dharma

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divine law

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karma

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force generated by persons actions determines how the person will be reborn in the next life.

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Siddhartha Gautama

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founder of Buddhism. (rich who left walls and saw sickness and poverty)

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Legalism

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philosophy that said humans have to be ruled by harsh rules and laws.

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Confucius

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philosopher that believed duty and humanity were two elements of the Dao.

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Vedas

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sacred writings by the Aryans that produced Hinduism.

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Yellow River

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Sacred body of water for the Chinese

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Pictographs

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Chinese writitngs

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Zhou Dynasty

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lasted 800 years from 1045 to 256 BC.

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Qin dynasty

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started Great Wall of China

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Daoism

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Philosophy that sets up proper forms of behavior for humans on earth

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Chandragupta Maurya

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Founded 1st Indian state and ruled India from 324 to 301 BC.

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Greatest India Ruler

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Asoka

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Faxian

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Buddhist monk who admired the Gupta Empire and the way they operated their kingdom.

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Analects

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Confucius had all of his writings recorded in this

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Aristocracy

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Political idea that says the upper class wealth is based on land.

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Censorate

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Had inspectors that worked for the government and made sure all officials did their jobs correctly.

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Silk Road

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famous road that connected from china to Constantinople.

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Mandate of heaven

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King had authority to command from heaven.

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Dao

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kings duty to rule according to Dao

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Homer

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wrote down military adventures.

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Minoans

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civilization on Crete suffered and collapse in 1450BC.

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Mycenae

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war like people that flourished between 1600 and 1100BC.

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Philosophy

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organized system of thought

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Phillip II

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In 359 BC he built a powerful army and turned Macedonia into a power

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Hellenistic Era

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Means to imitate Greeks and was created by Alexander

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Polis

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means city state

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acropolis

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fortified area that sat at the top of a gill

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Agora

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means open area

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Cleisthenes

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reformer who created a new council of five hundred that supervised foreign affairs.

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Solon

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popular reform in 594 BC who canceled all land debt.

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Phalanx

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marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation.

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Hoplites
Helots

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heavily armed soldier
means captured people

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Ostracism

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process the Greeks had to ban a member of the city for ten years.

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Ephors
oligarchy

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5 men elected each year and were responsible for education of youth.
oligarchy means ruled by the few.

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Democracy

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means government by the people.

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Octavian

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Caesar's heir and nephew. Later named Augustus.

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Imperator

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commander and chief, later emperor.

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Marius

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recuited volunteers for his army that swore loyalty to the general.

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Patricians

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great landowners, ruling class of Rome.

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Twelve tables.

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Rome's first code of law.

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Tribunes

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given power to protect the plebeians.

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Elected the cheif officals of Rome

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Centuriate assmebly.

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Praetor

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in charge of civil law for rome

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Pompey.

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Defended Rome against attack of Caesar.

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Republic

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forms of government where a leader is not a monarch.

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Muhammad Ture

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military commander and devout muslim who ruler over the songhai empire.

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Al-Bakri.

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Muslim traveler who wrote about the Ghanaian Kings.

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King Azana.

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Axum ruler who converted to christianity in A.D. 324.

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Makkah.

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Pray to Mecca because it is where Abraham and Ishmael built house of worship.

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Khadija.

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rich widow whom Muhammad married.

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revelations.

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divine truths.

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Hijrah.

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the journey to Madinah. City of the prophet.

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Quran .

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holy book of Islam.

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Hajj.

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Pilgrimage to Mecca.

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Five Pillars of Islam

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Belief, Prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage.