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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Louis XIV
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Absolutist king of France, moves capital to palace of Versailles, regent is Cardinal Mazarin, deals with nobles and centralization
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Palace of Versailles
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Grandeur palace, made new capital of France under Louis XIV
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Absolutism
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Form of gov’t in which sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in hands of monarch who claimed divine right to rule and responsible only to god
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Jean-Baptise Colbert
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indirect taxes, mercantilism: encouraged exports, but discourages imports; under louis XIV
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Scientific Revolution
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transition from traditional to modern way of thinking
a. Discovery of laws of nature b. Overturning of the Aristotelian Universe (geocentric) c. Replacement w/ Newton’s Mechanical Universe |
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Geocentric Universe
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earth is center of the universe, to complex
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Nicholas Copernicus
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Polish astronomer; discovered heliocentric model (sun is center of universe)
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Johannes Kepler
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challenged perfect orbit of the universe; proposes elliptical orbit
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Galileo
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- Italian astronomer, telescopes for looking at the sky, no end to the universe, punished by the church
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The Enlightenment
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philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by
a. Questioning of traditional values and doctrines b. Emphasis on the ideas of human progress |
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Sir Isaac Newton
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laws of physics to natural laws of society, rationality in natural phenomena
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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wrote ‘Social Contract’, people are dumb so someone must rule us and take care of us
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Montesquieu
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‘Spirit of Laws’, set up legislative system/branches
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Voltaire
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civil liberties, critical of everything, Deist (god set up universe and allows it to run itself)
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Enlightened Absolutism
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aka despotism
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Frederick the Great
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Prussian King, eliminate torture, religious toleration
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Joseph II
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Austrian Habsburg, abolished serfdom, enlightened economy
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Catherine the Great
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German Princess married Peter III of Russia became queen, established culture, expanded Russian borders, didn’t free serfs/made life worse
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Baroque Art
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exaggerated motion, produce drama, grandeur
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Rococo Art
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life of the aristocrats, focus on this world’s leisure activities
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Neoclassicism
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worship of Greek and Roman Civilization
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Baroque Music
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Bach and Handel
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Classical Era
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(invention of the Piano) Haydn & Mozart, operas and symphonies, music for everyone
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Charles IV of Austria
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Holy Roman Emperor, daughter Maria Theresa (only heir), creates pragmatic sanction (women can become heir)
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War of Austrian Succession
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France and Prussia didn’t want Maria Theresa to become ruler of Austria, Britain helps Austria (hates France), Maria becomes queen of Austria anyway, Prussia gets Salasia though
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Seven Years War
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aka French Indian War, Maria Theresa upset that Prussia won’t give back Salasia, she manipulates tension between france an GB over territories (French-indian part), GB&Prussia vs. France,Austria,Russia, Russia backs out, Prussia keeps Salasia, France loses all of Quebec
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Louis XVI
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King of France before the French Revolution, weak, country in shambles
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Marie Antoinette
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Married to Louis XVI
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Estates General
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Clergy and Aristocrats equal to Everyone, therefore no one ever wins, third estate attempts to change this= starts the revolution
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Phases of the French REvolution
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Aristocratic Phase- Estates general revolt
Liberal Phase-Institute a constitutional monarchy w/ Louis XVI as king Reign of Terror- Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety Thermidor Reaction-Directory established to organize the unstable government |
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Necker
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Finance minister to Louis XVI, hid horrible state of the country
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The Great Fear
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CPS and Robespierre murder those who accused to be against the revolution summer of 1789
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Bastille
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raid on a prison, result of economic depression
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Pillnitz Declaration
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Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire ask France to end Revolution
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Sans culottes
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upper middle class during the French Revolution
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Battle of Valmy
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France vs. Prussia, battle that occurred when National Convention declared France a republic 1792 part of revolutionary wars
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Guillotine
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Reign of Terror punishment of choice, beheads
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Vendee Revolt
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Peasant revolt/ insurrection 1788
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Charlotte Corday
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Aristocrat murderer of Marat, hated by sans-culottes
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Napoleonic Code
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1804 laws under Napoleon as Emperor
Equality before the law Careers open to talent Protection of private property Abolition of Serfdom Secularization of the State Public education (not women) |
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Napoleon
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1799 overthrow the directory (thermidor reaction, 1802 Consul for life on directory, 1804 emperor of france, turned revolutionary wars, expanded French empire and satellites, lost in Russia due to harsh winter, Religious Freedom in France, Censorship,
-In Europe….Hereditary Empire of Satellites, expands French, eliminates serfdom, complex bureaucracy, changes the map -After Russia Loss sent to Elba, returns for 100 days, captured 1815 sent to St. Helena till death |
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Napoleonic Wars
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napoleon turned the revolutionary wars around, tried to expand all the way to Russia
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Congress of Vienna
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1814-1815 England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France, decide how to fix the map of Europe
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Concert of Europe
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upholds the ideas of Congress of Vienna and Paris Treaty, 1818, 1820, 1822, 1825. For the Congress of Vienna countries to maintain their power
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Louis XVIII
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Reestablishment of Bourbons, conservative constitutional monarchy, reverses acts of French Revolution 1814-1824, Chambers of Peers and Deputies
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Charles X
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1824-1830, compensates aristocrats for damage during French Revolution, increases power of clergy, dissolves chamber of deputies 1830
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July Revolutions
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Charles X too absolutist, coup d’etat against, workman fight in “July days” 1830
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Louis Phillipe
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Orleans monarchy established by Lafeyette and Orleanist establish new constitutionally monarch w/ limited power to the king (July Monarchy), reforms but still favors wealthy
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Conservatism
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favor Monarch, aristocrats, wealthy
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1848 Revolutions
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France- ended July Monarchy and established 2nd republic w/ Napoleon III; caused by economic depression, bad harvests, ends slavery, universal male suffrage
Austria- establishment of Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarch led by Kousseth Italy- See wars of Italian unification |
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Napoleon III
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president of 2nd republic (1848-51) emperor of Second Empire (1851-1870)
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Kousseth
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Hungarian led “lawful revolution” asking for Hungarians to run themselves not break away, granted but after death of King is revoked and dual monarchy established
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Industrial Revolution
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application of ideas of scientific revolution to culture
Willing to experiment with new methods and crops Mostly English and dutch Crop rotation Enclosure movements Population explosion |
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James Watts
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didn’t invent the steam engine (Savery and Newcomen did) but perfected it and made an engine based on coal
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Impact of Industrial Revolution
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population explosion, Great Exhibition 1851, Long work hours-children women, England most industrialized and world power
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Reform Act of 1832
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created new towns and cities out of old boroughs, expanded voting to property owners
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Queen Victoria
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represented pride and morality of Victorian Age while England became a powerhouse (1837-1901)
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Socialism
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Marx, variety of socialist ideologies, resources shared equally, problems rooted in class division, gradual change over history
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Wars of Italian Unification
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1st war-(1848) was divided into 9 states after Congress of Vienna, Giusseppe
Mazzini and King Albert of Sardinia seek to unify country, crushed by Austrians and in Crimean War 2nd war- (1859)Nap III(france), Cavour(italy) vs. Austria, Piedmont (N. Italy) wins but Nap III backs out, 1860 central and North Unified Garibaldi leads movement in the south, turns over to Emmanuel in the North Victor Emmanuel of the North becomes first King of Italy |
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Franco-Prussian War
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France won’t have German prince heir to Spain, France declares war on Prussia after Bismarck manipulates telegram, Prussia wins, Germany becomes unified under Wilhelm I as King.
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Bismarck
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(German Unification) Prime Minister 1862 Prussia, leads unification of France, Manipulates telegram to make it seem as if the French gov’t disrespects the Germans
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