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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John Muir
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like to experience nature at elemental level, conservationist who played a major role in wilderness preservation aka western wilderness and the creation of national parks; contributed to establishment of Yosemite National Park in 1890, Muir first president of Sierra Club. Campaigned for 40 years for the preservation of the Redwood Forests.
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Carlisle Indian School
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started by Richard Henry Pratt in Carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1879. tried to help Indians abandon hunting and nomadic life and thus create Indain boarding schools. Pratt believed Indians' customs and languages had halted their progress of assimilation into white civilization. Pratt's motto: "Kill the Indian, Save the man"; other boarding schools modeled after Carlisle, Carlisle pretty much failed and closed in early 1900s
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The Dawes Severalty Act
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law intended to "civilize" Indians by distributing tribal lands to individuals: did this to Plains Indians by dissolving tribal bonds and distributing tribal lands among individual Indians and speculators; designed to turn Indians into farmers and landowners; severalty = treat Indians as individuals rather than as a unit. Richest lands were sold to speculators and settlers
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Ghost Dance
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due to worsening conditions for the Native Americans, the Sioux turned to Wovoka, a visionary prophet. Wovoka preached as part of the Ghost Dance: catastrophic event would get the Natives Land back, cause white to disappear, all Naives reunited, earth covered with dust and new earth would emerge for the Natives, buffalo would return in great herds
movement spread to Dakota Territory, Indian officials worried, Chief Sitting Bull's cabin on the reservation was the rallying point for the movement so Sitting Bull is inadvertently killed when being arrested |
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Wounded Knee
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- Dec 29, 1890 - massacre of 300 starving Indians at Wounded Knee, South Dakota when someone accidentally fired a gunshot and the Seventh Calvary slaughtered the Indians - signaled the end of armed conflict on the Great Plains and the end of religion (Ghost Dance). *last attempt against whites and signals the end
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Andrew Carnegie
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1. Exemplifies rags-to-riches (which was the exception not the rule)
a. immigrates from Scotland in 1848 2. Great marketer: not worried about HIS image a. ex: names Western PA steel mill after the president of the Railroad company--J. Edgar Thompson 3. Vertical integration: controlled all aspects of manufacturing, from the raw resources to the finished product a. first to transfer lessons from railroad to another industry and use vertical integration on a large scale 4. Philanthropist: retires early and shares a. bought out by JP Morgan in 1901 5. Cruel: gives poor wages and increased rent during depression |
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Thomas Edison
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1. Inventions streamlined the manufacture of traditional product
2. Stimulated consumer demand by creating product lines 3. Perfected the light bulb eased household chores and reshaped social interactions 4. Epitomized inventive pulse of mid 1800’s vision of a large, interconnected industrial system resting on technology 5. Stock-quotation printer (1868) sets up first invention factory/industry research lab |
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Eugene V. Debs
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Fiery young organizer/leader of railroad union workers
arrested as leader of striking National Railway Untion becomes Socialist leader 1984 strike vs. PUllman Palace Car Company George Pullman (manufacturer) cuts wages w/o decreasing rent in depression of 1893 strike: refuse to switch Pullman cars, paralyzes traffic in and out of Chicago Attempt to break the union arrest Debs because he stopped cars carrying US mail Riots: burn 700 freight cars and 13 deaths 1895: Supreme Court upholds Debs’s prison sentence and legalized use of injunctions against labor unions |
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Standard Oil Trust
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1. 1882 Rockefeller creates “umbrella corporation”
eliminates competition of other oil companies b. 40 companies control the U.S. oil industry 2. 3 years: consolidated crude-oil by buying member firms integrates petroleum industry horizontally and vertically 3. Leads other industries (sugar, whiskey, copper) to make trust agreements Congress passes Sherman Anti-trust Act in 1890 to outlaw these trust firms 4. Structure challenged in 1892 Sherman doesn’t define trust v. restraint of trade trust reorganized the trust as a holding company: owning a share of the stock for the different firms |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1. 1882: Congrese places ten-year moratorium on Chinese immigration
2. Extended in 1902 and not repealed until 1943 3. Knights of Labor and National Labor Unions are against immigration Powderly (head of KofL) supports restrictions and total ban of Chinese 1880 both major party platforms include anti-Chinese immigration plans |
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Leader in settlement-house movement; later won Nobel Peace Prize.
- Turned the Hull House into a social center for recent immigrants. - Writes Democracy and Social Ethics (1902) and Twenty Years at Hull House (1910)—which rejected claim that unrestrained competition offered the best path to social progress. Instead, she argued, in a modern industrial society, each individual’s well-being depends on the well-being of all. - Teaching by example, Addams made the Hull House a center of social activism and legislative-reform initiatives. Later, patriotic groups accused her and other women’s-rights leaders of communist sympathies |
Jane Addams
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German immigrant cartoonist famous during the 1860s and 1870s.
- His cartoons in Harper’s Weekly helped topple New York Democrat and Tammany Hall boss William M. Tweed (who, with associates, embodied corruption on a large scale) - Brilliantly satirized Tweed’s massive fraud and corruption. One of his most famous cartoons depicts Tweed and his men as vultures picking at the city's bones with a caption, "Let us prey." |
Thomas Nast
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- American journalist, landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture.
- Famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park (in 1858) and Prospect Park in New York City. - Building on Olmsted’s achievements, reformers campaigned for parks, boulevards, and street lights, and proposed laws against billboards and unsightly overhead electrical wires. |
Frederick Law Olmsted
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- Leader of Moral Purity crusade against urban vice and corruption.
- Founded the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice in 1872. - Demanded that municipal authorities close down gambling and lottery operations and censor obscene publications. - His crusade gained widespread support from civic leaders |
Anthony Comstock
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- From the 1840’s onward, the home had been idealized as ‘the woman’s sphere,’ a protected retreat where she could express her special maternal gifts…
- Victorian advocates of the cult of domesticity added a new obligation for women: to foster an artistic environment that would nurture the family’s cultural improvement. - Women directed their energy to transforming their homes into “a place of repose, a refuge from the excitement and distractions of outside, provided with every attainable means of rest and recreation." |
Cult of Domesticity
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- American doctor, born in 1852, who focused on nutrition, exercise, and holistic medicine
- Advocate of vegetarianism - Invented corn flakes with his brother - Was a seventh day Adventist until middle-life and was the chief medical officer for a Adventist medical sanitarium - Promoted sexual abstinence until marriage - Patented a process for making peanut butter |
John Harvey Kellogg
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- Won the democratic nomination in 1896, 1900, and 1908
- Advocate of “free silver” - Champion of farm interests - anti-imperialist - secretary of state for president Wilson, resigned when America headed towards WWI - three time democratic presidential candidate - skilled orator - In the Scopes trial, Bryan argued against evolution. He died of a heart attack shortly thereafter |
William Jennings Bryan
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- a sensationalist style of journalism (Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.)
- originiated in the 1890’s (Gilded Age), when competing newspapers William Randolph Hearst’s Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s World fought for readers - it inflamed readers during the Spanish American war in Cuba Jacob Coxey |
Yellow Journalism
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- socialist American politician who ran for election several times in Ohio
- self-taught monetary expert proposed a solution to unemployment in the aftermath of the Panic of 1893 - organized a march on Washington, thousands joined him - arrested when he attempted to enter the capital - his proposal actually resembled programs enacted in the 1930s. |
Jacob Coxey
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- a Filipino that organized an independence movement to drive out the Spanish in 1896
- his forces captured the main island of the Philippines and he declared independence and drafted a democratic constituion - when U.S. took possession of Philippines in 1899, he ordred his troops to fight the American army (resisted occupation) - it took U.S. four years to crush the resistance - he was captured in 1902 - considered the first and youngest Philippine President - later pledged allegiance to the U.S. government |
Emilio Aguinaldo
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