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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was Chandragupta Maurya?
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built Indian empire with political unity.
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Who was Ashoka?
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Chandragupta's successor; encouraged Buddhism.
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What is the Bhagavad Gita?
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Buddhist text that tells how to find relief from cycle of life, death, & rebirth.
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What story does the Bhagavad Gita tell?
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Krisha is a LT of Vishnu. Krisha was about to go to war but didn't want to bc he knew the opposing army. Gods tell him to fulfill his caste responsibilities.
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What is Jainism?/Who founded it?
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Found by Mahavira. Emphasizes extreme asceticism. Believed Karma is deposited onto one's soul. Introduced the idea of non-injury.
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Who was Gautama?
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Buddha.
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What did Buddha believe?
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The reason we can't be better than we are is because we experience so much pain/suffering due to desire. He proposed a 'middle way' of being more moderate.
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What is Nirvana?
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total desirelessness.
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When did the Shang dynasty rule?
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1784-1050 BCE
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Why are the Shang important?
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They set the stage for Chinese emperors.
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Why are the Zhou important?
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Emerged in 1122 BCE. First dynasty to claim the Mandate of Heaven. Come to an end from the warring states period.
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When was the warring states period?
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403-221 BCE
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What are Confucius' ideas written down in?
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The Analects
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What does Confucianism claim?
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Humans prosper in the company of others; focuses on the social nature of humans. Believed in hierarchy.
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What is Jen and Yi?
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Jen is the impulse within us to that draws us to live with other humans. Yi is simply right action.
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What is Daoism?
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Getting back to nature. people should be true to their own instincts. laissez-faire
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what is legalism?
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law & order philosophy
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what were the major philosophies of ancient chinese civilization?
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Confucianism, Daosim, Legalism
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What is the most common form of Buddhism called?
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Mahayana
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What is the oldest form of Buddhism called?
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Theraveda
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what are boddhistavas
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people who led very good lives who had gotten to the point in life of passing into Nirvana but held back so they could help others.
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Who was the important emperor during the Ch'in dynasty?
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Shi Huang Ti
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Why is Shi Huang Ti important?
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political & cultural unity. Divides China up into commanderies, many reforms, beginnings of the Great Wall. Often called the 1st emperor of China
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Who is Li Ssu?
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Shi Huang Ti's right hand man, was a legalist. (Ch'in dynasty)
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Who is Liu Pang & why is he important?
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Han dynasty. He started out life as a peasant and worked his way up to emperor. Believed in the lower classes.
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When was the Han dynasty?
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206 BCE. incredibly productive technological period.
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Who was Wu Ti?
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one of Liu Pang's successor. opposite of Liu Pang. Very strict. China becomes huge under him. Silk Road & porcelain.
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When was the Tang dynasty?
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618-907. completely open to outsiders. promoted Buddhism.
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Who is Li Shimin?
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most important ruler of Tang dynasty. He was half Chinese & half Turkish. believed a good ruler should know art of warfare and art of letters.
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What is Chang'an?
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Capital city of China during Tang dynasty. it's on a grid.
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Who is Li Bo?
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greatest poet during Tang dynasty.
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Who is An Lushan?
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General of troops during Tang dynasty. In 755, he manipulated troops to initiate a civil war. As a result, china closes itself off to foreigners.
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What does Hellenic refer to?
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Original Greek settlement.
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What were the requirements for citizenship in early greece?
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own property & be born there
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What is the phalanx?
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new method of warfare utilizing infantrymen and tight formations.
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what is a hoplite?
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term for the soldiers in the phalanx in ancient greece.
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what is a coup d'etat?
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a sudden overthrow of gov't.
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who is Cylon?
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pulled off a coup d'etat in Athens in 632 BCE.
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Why is Draco important?
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He wrote the laws of Athens down. first written code of law.
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Who is Solon
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"father of democracy" in Athens. reduces property requirement to be part of political process. Also implicates trials by jury. 594 BCE.
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Who is Cleisthenes?
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Athens ruler that created the council of 500 and divided the peoples into tribes. 508 BCE.
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what is a helot?
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a slave
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why did Sparta become a military machine?
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because they feared slave rebellions the most.
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when did the persian war begin?
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498 BCE. the greeks revolted against the persians.
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When was the battle of Marathon and why is it important?
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490 BCE. Persians retreated.
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What is the Delian League?
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alliance between Athens & Sparta
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Why did the Peloponnesian war begin?
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Pericles used Delian League money to expand Athens.
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What did Socrates believe?
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Moralist. "know thyself", "knowledge is virtue", evil is the result of ignorance. Socratic method involves questions that lead to a "no way out" answer. Is exiled & commits suicide
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What did Plato believe?
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Idealist. ideals have a separate existence that are timeless, unchanging, perfect, & will be there even if the world ends. Allegory of the Cave.
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What did Aristotle believe?
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Empiricist. only the things that can be observed are real. empirical appeals to 5 senses. syllogism.
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Who was Aeschylus?
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writer of tragedy, wrote Orestia.
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Who was Sophocles?
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wrote Oedipus trilogy.
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what is hubris?
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excessive pride
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who was alexander the great?
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Came from Macedonia. conquers persian empire.
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Who was Philip II?
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Macedonian, Alexander the Great's father. Built up Macedonia to be big & powerful.
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Who were Alexander the Great's successors & what territory were they assigned to?
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Ptolomy (Egypt), Seleucus (Iranian plateau & Babylonia) & Antigonos (Asia Minor & Macedonia)
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What is stoicism/who is the founder?
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Founder is Zeno. Accept & endure.
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What is Epicureanism?
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the world is rational & orderly. Seek pleasure.
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Who is Democritus?
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Came up with 1st atomic theory; inspired Epicurus.
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who is euclid?
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wrote the standard text for geometry
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who is Eratosthenes?
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measured circumference of the earth
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who was aristarchus?
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heliocentric view of universe
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who was archimedes?
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calculated value of pi.
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when was the roman monarchy period?
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753-509 BC
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when was the revolution in rome & what did it lead to?
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509; leads to a republic.
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what are consuls?
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2 men executive power
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what are the 12 tables?
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written code of law for Rome; used to appease the plebeians.
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what are the punic wars?
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wars between Rome & Carthage. there were 3 of them.
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what did the punic wars lead to?
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rome becoming an empire.
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what are the effects of the punic wars?
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acquisition of territory. decline of small farmers. major intro of slavery. growth of huge, urban, unemployed mass.
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what is Latifundia?
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huge farms run like plantations
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what is the revolt of Gracchi?
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2 brothers: Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus. Both tried to impose reforms, both ended up getting assassinated
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who was Sulla?
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Roman emperor who does everything in his power to help the patricians. promoted power of the Senate.
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Why is Paul important?
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He elaborated the preachings of Jesus to transform them into a systematic theology. He taught the idea that Jesus was Christ & that all that's required for salvation is faith.
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What is the Cult of Mithra?
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offshoot of Zoroastrianism. Mithra is a LT of Ahura Mazda.
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what is the success of christianity attributed to?
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the failure of rivals & Christians early on dealing with heresy.
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what is heresy?
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beliefs contradict those of a church
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what did the hard rulings of heresy do for christianity?
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prevented it from branching out.
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what are martyrs?
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people willing to die for his own religious beliefs.
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why was Rome considered "special" to christians?
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it was visited by Peter & Paul
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why is Peter important?
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first bishop of Rome; claimed the powers to loose & to bind
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when was the old kingdom of egyptian history?
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2770-2200 BCE. period of isolation. egypt becomes egypt
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when was the middle kingdom of egyptian history?
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2050-1785 BCE . Hyksos which was a Semitic people migrate in.
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when was the new kingdom of egyptian history?
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1560-1087 BCE. egypt's history becomes very intertwined with others; international period.
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who was Akhenaton?
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tried to impose monotheism with the Sun god. tried to impose this over night.
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who was king Tutankhamen?
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replaced the old religious traditions after akhenaton
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what is Kush?
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a kingdom very closely related to egypt that eventually takes over egypt under Kashta.
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what is Axum & why is it important?
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kingdom that took over Kush. One of the leaders, Ezana, converted to Christianity. was the basis of ethiopian society.
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who is abraham & what does he do?
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leads the Semitic peoples out of mesopotamia into palestine (cananites) where they construct a kingdom.
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who is king david?
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1004 - 965. carves out much of the Hebrew kingdom. son is king solomon.
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who is solomon & why is he important?
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after him, the Hebrew kingdom fell apart into Northern Israel & southern judah
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what is the babylonian captivity?
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when nebudchanezzer (assyrian) invades Israel & captures people and takes them back to babylonia. they are eventually freed by the persians.
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what does canonical refer to?
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texts that have been accepted and officially recognized as sacred.
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why did the assyrian empire fall?
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they tried to use fear to keep the people in line. was replaced by the persians.
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what is a satrapy and who invented it?
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districts in ancient persian empire. created by Darius.
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what all did darius do for the persian empire?
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universal coinage. interstate: royal road. law code. altered the erratic taxation.
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what is persepolis?
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capital of persian empire
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what is zoroastrianism?
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founded by zarathustra. world is struggle between good (ahura mazda) & bad (ahriman/angra mainyu)
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what are dravidians?
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the linguistic & ethnicity of the first people of ancient india.
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who are the aryans?
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replace the dravidias. endo europeans.
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what are the Vedas?
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holy text for the aryans
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what are the different castes?
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1. Brahmin: families that produce priests.
2. Kshatriyas: nobility/warriors 3. Vaishyas: merchants 4. Shudras: low level agricultural workers , workers in general |
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litmus test for patriarchy?
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tradition of Sati
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what is a mystic?
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person who attempts to achieve an ecstatic union with a god
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what is hinduism
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polytheistic. reincarnation, karma.
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what are the upanishads?
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make clear what hinduism is historically
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what is brahman?
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ultimate goal to attain in hinduism. "ultimate reality"
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who is Varna?
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Hindu god that they believe looks after them & punishes them in the form of natural disasters.
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what is the neolithic revolution?
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most important thing to happen in human culture. the discovery of agriculture.
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where did the earliest farming take place?
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fertile crescent.
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what is the biggest consequence of farming
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population growth
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who is Hammurabi?
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first written law code of ancience mesopotamia
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who was Tacitus?
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historian that described the barbarians in detail
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what was the true reason for the fall of rome?
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success of christianity
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who was marcus aurelius & commodus?
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marcus aurelius chose his son to rule after him. commodus was vicious & horrible.
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who was Diocletian?
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divided rome into disricts called prefectures.
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who was Constantine?
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first roman emperor who embraced christianity.
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what is Milvian Bridge
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where constantine was at battle and first decided to embrace christianity.
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what is comitatus?
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germanic war band; barbarians method of warfare.
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when was the fall of rome?
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476 AD
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what is the importance of Sumer?
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oldest culture in mesopotamia.
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