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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cuneiform
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-Mesopotamian writing system
-first form of writing -pictures -written on tablets |
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Hieroglyphics
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-Egyptian writing
-second form of writing -pictures and sounds -written on papyrus |
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Harappan Seals
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-Harappan writing system
-third, but language -impossible to decipher -over 400 symbols and pictures |
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Chinese Writing
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-fourth writing system
-each character stands for a syllable -no link btwn speaking and writing (person could read but not speak it) -all can read despite language diff. -over 10,000 characters |
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Mesopotamian Trade
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-with peoples of mountains and desert
-traded grain, cloth, crafted tools -got stone, wood, metal (raw mats.) |
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Egyptian Trade
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-vast deserts=barriers; no interaction
-result=limited trade/isolated area |
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Harappan Trade
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-thriving trade within region
-got gold, silver, stones (made into jewelry) -indus valley=good trade transportation -sent cotton cloth (only to make it) -had access to sea b/c of Indus |
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Chinese Trade
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-Zhou Dynasty - built roads and canals to stimulate trade
-coined money was introduced |
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Mesopotamian Women
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-could be merchants, farmers, or artisans
-could hold property in own name -learned to read and write |
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Egyptian Women
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-many rights as men
-could trade on own -could propose marriage or divorce -entitled to 1/3 of property |
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Chinese Women
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-treated as inferiors
-obeyed fathers, husbands, then sons -age 13-16, marriage set up(no choice) -only way to improve life is have sons |
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Mesopotamian Irrigation and Flooding
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-unpredictable flooding/weather
-could be desert, could be flooded -no natural barriers -limited natural resources -dug ditches for water -made walls of brick |
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Egyptian Irrigation and Flooding
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-if the Nile water was several feet below, the silt reduced greatly
-if the water was several feet high, houses were destroyed |
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Indus Valley Irrigation and Flooding
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-yearly floods=rich soil
-changed course (unpredictable) -seasons=monsoons and floods |
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Chinese Irrigation and Flooding
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-Huang He floods=disastrous; could ruin entire villages
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Hatshepsut
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-declared herself pharaoh in 1472 B.C.
-she took over instead of her stepson (heir to throne) when he was young -successful trade expeditions |
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Thutmose III
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-war-like ruler
-possibly murdered Hatshepsut -pushed south to Nubia, brought wealth |
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Ramses II
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-great builder (temples, in cliff carvings)
-treaty with Hittite, "peace and brotherhood between us forever" - lasted 25 years |
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Ashurbanipal
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-mighty ruler
-spread power too thin -famous for library w/ 20,000 tablets |
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Sennacherib
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-bragged about defeat of 89 cities and 820 villages
-very military based |
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Nebuchadnezzar
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-restored Babylon, made it capital
-hanging gardens -thick walls (4 horse chariot) -high buildings (astronomy) |
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Cyrus
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-began conquering neighbors
-military genius (over 2,000 miles long) -good governor, peaceful after conquering -kept customs, adapted to clothing, culture |
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Cambyses
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-burned cities, earned many enemies
-short-lived |
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Darius
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-put down revolts first couple of years
-began to expand, led army 2,500 mi. -created satraps, Royal Road |
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Shi Huangdi
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-"First Emperor"
-stopped internal problems -expanded, south to Vietnam, north past Huang He -Great Wall; forced workers, work or die -burned "useless" (critical of him) books |
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Assyrian Military
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-dug under walls night before
-shot waves of arrows -beat wall, broke in -ruthless kill and enslave all |
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Confucius
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-led scholarly life, studied and taught history, music, moral character
-5 relationships 1)ruler+subject 2)father+son 3) big bro+little bro 4)husband+wife 5)friend+friend -filial piety -bureaucracy -4 virtues 1)courteous in private conduct 2)precise while serving 3) provide more than due 4)just when exacting service |
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Alexander's conquests
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-young, still military genius
-invaded and conquered Persia -Darius III raised army of 75,000 men, Alexander surprised army by going straight for Darius, he fled, followed by army -re-met Darius in Gaugamela, Darius fled again -continued east 11,000+ miles -men tired, practically forced to go back |
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Greek Isolation
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-mountains separate city-states(polis-50-500sq. mi.)
-separation=diff. cultures/rivalry |
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Hellenistic Culture
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-egyptian, persian, greek, indian blend
-Alexandria=capital, strategic place=prosperity -statues of gods, royal palaces, museum and library -astronomy and math: earth circumference=28k, real=24k; sun=300xearth, real=1.3milx; planets revolve around earth; Euclid=book "Elements", basis for geometry; Archimedes=pie/law of lever -Stoicism=virtuous lives -Epicureanism= harmony -Clossus of Rhodes=100ft. statue |
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Persian War
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-Alexander 35k to Anatolia-win
-Darius takes 75k to rebel - Greece outnumbered, Alexander surprise attacks Darius, he and army flee -Pheidippides sends message-26mi. "Marathon" -Xerxes(Darius son) sends army at Thermopylae -7k Greeks+300 Spartans waiting - held them until traitor told Xerxes of secret route -Delian league(greek city-states) fight Persians |
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Peloponessian War
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-Athens and Sparta (city-states)
-Athens=better navy, Sparta=army -Spartans to Athens - burn everything -Plague in Athens - kills 1/3 (Pericles) -Sign truce - broken-Athens attacks Syracuse (Spartan ally) -Athenians wiped out |
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1st Triumvirate
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-Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
-Caesar=consul w/ help - appoints himself governor of Gaul(France) - won over in time -Pompey=political rival, feared C - made senate order C home -C disobeyed - to Rome, Pompey fled, C's army beats P's in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt -C appointed dictator for life |
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Roman Republic
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-Patricians and Plebians
-Voters=free born, white, males landowners -Plebians representative=tribunes -Consuls=2 officials run gov./army -Senate=300 chosen by Patricians |
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Latin
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-language of Romans-stayed in W after fall of Rome-official language of Roman Catholic Church until 20th Cen.
-adopted by different people and made into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian (Romance languages) -50%+ English=Latin based |
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Christianity
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-Jesus born in Bethlehem - raised in Nazareth-baptized by John the baptist
-Carpenter-age 30=public ministry, preached and taught, performed miracles -miracles/Pax Romana combine to spread word and belief fast -Bible/apostles(Paul) - Constantine |
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Development of organized government
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-Monarchy=one king, hereditary, claim divine right
-Aristocracy=noble family, social rank/wealth, social status=support for authority -Oligarchy=small group of citizens, wealth/ability, controls military -Democracy=ruled by citizens, landowning white males, majority rule |
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Good Emperors
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-Nerva=started custom of adopting heir
-Trajan=biggest empire, buildings, social welfare -Hadrian=re-organized bureaucracy -Antonius Pius=period of peace -Marcus Aurelius= good economy -Diocletian=iron fist, no personal freedoms, "desended from gods" |
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Virgil
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-poet=author of Aeneid, epic of Aeneans
-praised Rome and it's virtues |
