History Flashcards Dolan

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Heresty

Back 1

something contrary to the church's ideology

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Usury

Back 2

charging money for loans

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Feudalism

Back 3

Medieval political system where power was based in land ownership then divided among vassals

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Benandante

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group of christians during middle ages who practiced some pagan rituals; they were killed by the inquisition

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Sacraments

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Things that chatholics must partake in to be good christian/gain entrance into heavan. Important ones are Baptism, Communion, and Confession.

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Original Sin

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The belief that all people are born with sin because of Eve

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Eucharist

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synonymous to communion; cannibalizing Jesus

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Excommunication

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being kicked out of the church; means damnation for the person

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Commune

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early form of government practiced in italy. Was basically just a bunch of families who got together to form an alliance/government

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The Medici Family

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The most powerful Florentine family, ran most of Florence. Cosimo is a member of it

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Tower Societies

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A term used to describe communes where families would build towers so that way they could see the other families and know when they were coming to attack

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San Gimignano

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An example of a city dominated by the towers; one of the few that never took down their towers

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Vendetta

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Act of revenge prevalent between Italian merchant families

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Podestá

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A military leader brought into a commune to try to bring stability. Often turned into despots (e.g. Milan)

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Oligarchy

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A form of government where power is in the hands of a privileged few (e.g. Milan)

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Signoria

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Florence's governing body; quasi-democracy

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21 Guilds

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The major guild of Florence; they determined a person's career and general social status

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Bonfire of the Vanities

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An event started by Savonarola in which the Florentine people burned objects that they regarded as connected to sin (books, art, etc.)

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Renaissance

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Refers to the rebirth of classical Rome/Roman culture. Initiated by the Humanists

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Secularism

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A term used to refer to the removal of religion from everyday life.

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Individualism

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The idea that a person is worth something in his own right, not just for God. Connected with Humanism

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Humanism

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The rebirth of classical Roman culture/politics/writing. Based on 5 educational pillars: grammar, rhetoric, ethics, and history.

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Metaphysics

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Study of what is beyond reality. Important because it is what was taught at medieval universities. Comparison to the practicality of a humanist education

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Cicero

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ancient roman senator/orator. Was loved by the humanists for his ideas (civic humanists) and for his great latin (Petrarch)

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Petrarch

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Early humanist. Loved the Latin of Petrach but did not agree with his ideas of an active life.

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Leonardo Bruni

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Civic Humanist, defense of Florence

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Just Price

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The church's theory that every good had a just price; went against the merchant's capitalism

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Francisco Datini

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Italian merchant who would write "In the name of god and good profits" in his account book.

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Merchant Capitalism

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Early form of capitalism found in the Italian city state period. First time the people started moving to more liquid capital, not just land

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Joint Stock Company

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A more sophisticated business technique where people would invest together and share the loss or reward. Useful in the high risk, high reward field of merchants (ships sank a lot)

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Ascending Vs. Descending Gov

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Ascending gov is when the power "ascends" from the people. descending is when power "descends" from god (kings)

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"How can I be saved?!?!?"

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Question asked by Martin Luther, he needed to know whether it was faith or the sacraments that was more important. The Catholic church didn't know/give a shit.

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Righteousness/justification

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No sé

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John Tetzel

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Indulgence seller, would guilt people into buying. Was selling around the same place that Luther was.

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95 Thesis

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Document that Luther sent to his bishop, Albert of Mainz. Got copied by chance by other students, translated to German. Indulgences not valid, not needed for the truly contrite, pope should free the souls in Purgatory

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Wittenberg

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The university where Luther taught theology, came up with ideas like sola fides.

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Pope Leo X

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Pope during Luther's time. Was not devoted at all, in it for the money/power.

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Sola Fides

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Luther's belief that faith alone would save you

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Sola Scriptura

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Luther's belief that the only source of religious novel was the bible; made his realize that the clergy was unnecessary

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John Gutenburg

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Invented the printing press which allowed Luther's ideas to be spread

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Luther's Three Treatises of 1520

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Written proof that by 1520 Luther was breaking away from the Catholic Church

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Indulgences

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Little slips of paper that the church claimed would wash away your sins. Used to raise funds for the church. Mainly used to exploit the Germans due to their weak central government.

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Jan Hus

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An example of another person who went against the Catholic church; didn't work out as well as luther, he was burned at the stake in 1414

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Treasury of Merits

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An imaginary bank account full of extra good dead from Jesus and the saints. Used as theological explanation for indulgences.

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Diet of Worms

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An assembly held at the town of Worms where Luther was officially declared a heretic; two death sentences were placed on him.

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Albert of Mianz

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The archbishop of Luther's parish. He is an example of absenteeism and simony. He treated Luther as a economic threat only.

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Frederick the Wise

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The Prince of Saxony, where Luther lived. Saved Luther by protecting him/refusing to send him to Rome. Didn't really care for Luther's theology; was an "old school" Catholic.

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Charles the V

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The Holy Roman Emperor During Luther's time. Devout Catholic, condemned Luther to death.

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Leipzig Debate

Back 49

A debate between Luther and Eck. The first place where Luther realized that effects that his ideas would have, i.e. sola sciptura and sola fides meant that the clergy was useless.