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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kristallnacht
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-night of broken glass
-occurred November 9 1938 -German embassy official in Paris was shot by a Polish-Jewish youth -the attack on German Jews became more brutal -7000 Jewish shops were looted -20 000 Jews were arrested -marked the beginning of the Holocaust |
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Blitzkreig
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-means "lightning war"
-composed of German air force (Luftwaffe), tank divisions (panzers), and foot soldiers (Wehrmacht) -new technologies made trench warfare obsolete -the new weapons provided better mobility accompanied by greater fire power (i.e. the tank, machine guns) |
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Nazi/Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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-signed August 23 1939
-agreed to not take military action against one another for 10 years -both side were buying time -Hitler needed time to neutralize the powers of Western Europe -Soviet leader, Josef Stalin, needed time to rebuild the Soviet army -no threat from the East allowed Germany to wage war on Western Europe without disturbance from the Soviet Union |
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Miracle at Dunkirk
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-British and French troops in France were taken by surprise at the speed of the German invasion
-retreated to the French port of Dunkirk -trapped by advancing German forces -between May 27 and June 4 1940 amazing rescue was performed -900 ships left England and landed on the beaches of Dunkirk to rescue soldiers who were waiting there -bombs were dropped by the German air force, but the sand reduced their power -German armies stopped their advance and allowed for the rescue to take place -allowed for the rescuing of 140 000 French soldiers and 200 000 English soldiers -later form the core of the Allied armies that would invade Nazi-occupied Europe |
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Scorched Earth Policy
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-Hitler disregarded his Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union
-hated Josef Stalin and Communism so he decided to destroy both -tried to use blitzkreig method of attack -believed fall of Soviet Union was inevitable and would happen in 6 weeks just like it had in France -Hitler did not study history so he had not learned from Napoleon's failure to capture Russia in 1812 -Hitler believed war machines would permit the Nazis to conquer the Soviet Union -on June 22 1941 3 000 000 troops smashed into Russia -at first the blitzkreig was successful -by fall of 1941 the Nazis were within 39 km. of the capital city of Moscow -Russian troops used "scorched earth policy" to fight Nazis -as the Russian Red Army retreated tjau destroyed everything that could be of use to the advancing enemy armies (i.e. crops, livestock, supplies, machinery) -winter of 1941-1942 was super cold and severe -German troops only had summer uniforms and froze -many German soldiers died because of intense cold |
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Maginot Line
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-network of expensive fortifications
-spanned mutual border with Germany -consisted of underground tunnels, tank traps, and heavily armed -German forces did not attack it, merely went around it -line became an expensive joke |
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Atlantic Wall
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-Germans encrusted the seacoasts of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands with concrete and steal defences
-on June 6 1944 the Allies launched "Operation Overlord" -assault on Juno beach was a large task for Canadians as the Germans had turned the coastline into a continuous fortress of guns, pillboxes, wire, mines and beach obstacles -Canadians had to establish hold on coast of Normandy in order to continue to rid Europe of Nazis |
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S.S. St. Louis
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-June 1939
-oceanliner carrying 907 Jews arrived off Canada's East Coast -including 400 women and children -had already been denied from Cuba and other Latin American countries -almost half of the passengers died in Nazi concentration camps |
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Mouse-holing
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-used during the battle of Ortona
-natural fortress -couldn't use tanks -Germans wanted to keep ground so they fortified buildings and created booby traps -Canadian soldiers had to take over the town street by street and house by house -soldiers blasted a hole in the outside wall of a house at the end of a street and then they threw grenades to clear the room before charging inside and clearing the rest of the house with machine gun fire -they then moved to the attic and blasted a hole in the adjoining house and repeated the process |
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Final Solution
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-the plan enacted by the Nazis in 1942 to exterminate all Jews in Nazi-controlled Europe
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Oskar Schindler
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-saved 1200 Jews during the Holocaust
-bought Jews to work in his factories making ammunitions and doing enamel work where Jews were able to live better lives than they would in a concentration camp -originally a large supporter of Nazi values |
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Manhatten Project
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A group of American, Canadian, and other Allied scientists engaged in a top secret race to produce the world's first atomic bomb code named "the Manhatten Project"
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Munich Agreement
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-as German demands and political tensions grew, Hitler invited Chamberlain (British PM) to visit him in Munich, Germany to discuss German takeover of the Sudetenland
-Hitler promised to make no more territorial demands if Britain and France conceded -problem: in addition to being rich in natural resources, the Sudetenland contained several mountains and forts. When the territory was transferred to Germany, it left Czechoslovakia vulnerable to attack -significance: lack of reaction led Hitler to make fresh demands. He turned his attention to Czechoslovakia; specifically the Sudetenland where 3 000 000 German speaking civilians lived |
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Battle of Britain
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-Chamberlain becomes PM
-Britain is the only remaining country to oppose Germany in Europe -waiting for Britain to make peace or surrender -neither happens so Hitler starts air attacks on British airfields and bases -once Royal Air Force was crippled, Germany could cross the English Channel and take over Britain -fought during the summer of 1940 -British had developed a radar system to detect unseen objects their speed, distance, and direction -Churchill ordered for RAF to bomb Berlin -Hitler turns his attention to London -orders Luftwaffe to do daylight bombing raids on London on Sept. 7 1940 -called the "Blitz" -gave time for the outnumbered RAF to regroup -43 000 were killed on the RAF during the battle of Britain significance: first time an entire battle was fought in the air. war mainly took place on the ground during all other wars. Britain and Canadian fighters fought in the RAF and proved to be superior to the German Luftwaffe. |
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Pearl Harbour
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-United States practicing isolationism policy
-not getting involved in battles which do not directly involve said country -rather than going to war with Japan the United States did not export military supplies -Japan started to plan the take over of the American navy so they would be able to conquer surrounding countries -military leaders did not listen to Emperor Hirohito when he pleaded that his nation not go to war with the United States -December 7 1941 Japan launched an air raid from Japanese aircraft carriers against the US Naval headquarters at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii -American did not expect it -360 Japanese fighter planes attacked using Hitler's method of blitzkreig -2500 were killed 1500 were injured significance: the Japanese had made the United States declare war on all Axis powers. The most powerful country in the world was now fighting on the Allied forces. |
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Dieppe Raid
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-Josef Stalin demanded that the United States and Canada find ground in Western Europe and start fighting against the Nazi forces
-this would slow the takeover of Russia because the Nazis would have to divide there power -Western leaders were not prepared for a full-scale attack and decided instead to conduct a hit and run raid to test Nazi defences and gain experience for the future invasion of Europe. It was decided that the raid would take place on the port of Dieppe, France. -raid occurred August 19 1942 -involved 6100 soldiers and 5000 were Canadian -attack was to happen before dawn -soldiers did not know their assignment -chance encounter with small German convoy alerted soldiers on land -upon arrival, troops were extremely overwhelmed -Germans were waiting on top of sea wall -pebble beaches broke the tanks -a retreat was nearly impossible -most men were taken prisoner -2210 were able to make it back to England -3367 were casualties -1946 became prisoners of war -907 Canadians lost their lives signifi |
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Battle of Ortona
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-as Canadians worked their way up through Italy they came to the town of Ortona in December
-natural fortress -narrow, twisting streets which made it impossible for tanks to be used -German troops fortified buildings and placed booby traps all over -Canadians had to take over the town street by street -had to use technique of "mouse-holing" -December 27 1943 Canadians succeeded in driving Germans out of Ortona -2163 casualties significance: Battle of Ortona establish Canadians as excellent street fighters. Their "mouse-holing" technique became a standardized tactic by other forces during the war because of its effectiveness |
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Operation Overlord
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-Germans had 60 divisions in northern France and the Netherlands under the control of Field Marshall Rommel
-chose to invade Normandy because of close proximity to Britain -June 6 1944 operation Overlord is initiated -attack was to take place over 50 miles of the Normandy coast involving 5 infantry divisions with codenamed locations (Canadians invaded Juno) -2 a.m. paratroopers were dropped -3:15 a.m. 2000 bombers initiated assault -5:30 a.m. air raids took place -6:30 a.m. first wave of Canadian, British, and American soldiers attacked -1400 were Canadian soldiers with 10 000 sailors and 36 bomber squadrons -had to capture three small towns name Courselles, Berniere, and St. Aubin -335 were killed, 739 were injured significance: Hitler was now caught with a war on two fronts |
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Auschwitz
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-located in the Polish town of Oswiecim
-industrial heartland of Silesia -1940 became concentration camp -1942 became main death camp for Jews -1943 became a camp made of 3 complexes -first complex was admin. buildings, one gas chamber -second complex (a.k.a. Birkenau) had 4 gas chambers and was largest complex -third complex (a.k.a. Monowitz) was slave labour camp controlled by L.G. Farben -liberated by Soviet troops in January 1945 -people were selected to either work or were sent to gas chambers for immediate death -medical experiments were performed on prisoners by Dr. Josef Mengele -4 000 000 people passed through gates of Auschwitz and only 60 000 were alive at the end of the war significance: largest death camp in Europe. One of many other death camps where Jews were tortured in Europe. Canadians learned that by not letting Jewish refugees into Canada, they were killed at a concentration camp in Europe. |
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Internment of Japanese Canadians
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-Japanese people were declared "enemy aliens"
-considered to be spies in Canada -sent to internment camps in Canada where their property was auctioned off and they were put to work on road construction and sugar beet farms -men who resisted were separated from their families and sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in Angler, Ontario -at first the camps were for Japanese men without citizenship -soon extended to second generation people of Japanese descent and veterans of the First World War -4000 people left Canada in 1946 after they were freed from the camps -weren't given right to vote until June of 1948 -no right until 1949 in BC -government offered $20 000 to all survivors of the event significance: showed Canadians racial inequality. smudge on Canadian history. paid off the survivors years later. |
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Changing Role of Women
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-women took part in the air force and navy
-Canadian Women's Army Corps -Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force -Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service -could not fight -were radio operators, mechanics, welders, and armourers At Home: 1939 there were 638 000 women working in war effort 1944 there were 1 077 000 women working in war effort -worked in munitions factories, aircraft industry, ran farms, lumber mills, street car operators, and bus drivers |
