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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Origins of New Imperialism
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Pax Britannica - British ownership of most waterways
UK can dominate oversea markets because they are politically stable Britain, France, Germany, US had industrialized "Empire for Empire's sake" Racial Superiority and Imposed will by force. Reaping of service and loyalty by Europeans |
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Motives For Imperialism
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Economic - New Markets, Land, Capitalism
Social - Popular Support, Deflects domestic problems Political - Naval Bases established, Nationalism, "the bigger the better" Ideological- Proselytizing Missions, White Man's Burden, Social Darwinism |
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Scramble For Africa
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European powers colonizing lands relentlessly in Africa during New Imperialism Age
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Ancient African Kingdoms
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Ghana, Mali, Songhai - Thriving Civilization in Sahara
Mansa Musa - King of Mali Gold Salt Trade East African City States- traded agricultural goods, e.g. Zimbabwe |
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Berlin Conference
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1885 - Led by Bismark
Avoid bloodshed b/w European powers No Africans were consulted Free trade guaranteed to all European states in Congo Officials will reside over African Governments. British take East Africa, Germany takes Tanganyika, Italy takes Liberia Somalia, France takes Sudan |
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The Moghul Empire
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Established Islam in India
Akbar-Wise king, blended hindus and muslims. Made relations with the Rajputs. Religiously Tolerant Aurangzeb - ambitious and bigot, Intolerant, extends control to tip of India, war b/w Aurangzeb, Sikhs, and Rajputs, Moghul Power begins to collapse. |
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The Great Mutiny
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1857 - Rumor spread of ammunition cartridges sealed with animal fat. Hindus and Muslims are offended. Muntiny spreads to North India, Civil violence. Eventually falls because unorganized. Parliament takes direct control of India under Queen Victoria
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The Raj
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Very Lenient, British educated Indians dominated modern professions
Millions suffered from poverty English hands controlled India 1911- Capital moves from Calcutta to New Delhi |
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Amristar Massacre
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1919 - British Soldiers fired on a crowd of Indians in Amristar
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First Opium War
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British trades opium to china, mass addictions in population
1839-1842 - First Opium War - Chinese emperor decides to end importing of Opium, Chinese destroy supplies of Opium in Canton. British forces retaliate and imposed a fine for damages. Peace treaty in 1842 |
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Treaty of Nanking
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The Chinese were forced to pen five trading ports, give the island of Hong-Kong to Britain, pay an indemnity, and abolish the co-hong, group of allowed traders.
Extraterritoriality is granted to Britain, France, and US |
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Second Opium War
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China, Britain, France, Russia, and America signed in treaty of Nanking.
Murder of French Missionary, Allied forces march to China's capital, Peking, and burn the emperor's palace. Second Treaty Settlement - Opening of 10 new ports, Foreign rights, low tariffs, Chinese territory awarded to Russia |
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The Taiping Rebellion
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1850 - 1864 - Hung Hsiu-chuan leads a civil war - religious fanatic, spread Christianity
Advocated Brotherhood Suppressed by Ever Victorious Army under US. Millions of lives were lost |
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The Boxer Rebellion
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1900-1901 - China wanted to restore sovereignty, dignity, and self-respect
Fists of Righteous Harmony - defense of old Dowager Empress, Spark a revolution, International army of soldiers enters Peking and force Chinese to pay a large indemnity. International stationed guards and China weakened. |
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Meiji Restoration
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American Commodore Matthew Perry opened Japan to the west
Internal disorder between the shogun and Japanese nobility 1867 - Emperor began a new era for Japan, known as the Meiji. Emperor becomes leader and shogunate is abolished Western Reforms to banking and trade Two house legislature, public education Chinese responds weakly to foreign powers. Japanese rapidly imitated the west |
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Sino Japanese War
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1894-1895 - Japan and China fight over Korea
China had ruled Korea, Japan want raw materials and market Japanese army defeats Chinese Treaty of Shimonoseki - Korea gained independence from China to be under Japanese influence. |
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Russo Japanese War
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1904-1905 - Russia placed troops in Northern China and Manchuria to protect the Russian Port
Japanese launch surprise attack on Russian fleet and land installations, and begin a siege of the Russian naval base at Port Arthur Japanese win a decisive victory at the Battle of Tsushima Treaty of Portsmouth- Signed b/w Japan and Russia. Roosevelt awarded Nobel Peace prize for negotiating terms. Gave Japan Russia's treaty rights in China and Manchuria |
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Soviets
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Workers Party in Russia, counterweight to Provisional Government under Karensky.
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Bolsheviks/Mencheviks
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Mencheviks - Revisionist Marxists, work within Capitalism
Bolsheviks - led by Lenin, rejected cooperation w/ non-Marxists, tightly woven vanguard, purging, DUAL REVOLUTION with peasants. |
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Social Democrats
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Bring a Marxist Revolution, lead to downfall of Capitalism,
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Bismarck's alliance system
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Dual Alliance - Germany and Austria
Revival of 3 emperors league 1881 Triple Alliance 1882 Reinsurance Treaty 1997 Germany and Russia, prevent two front war Bismarck Alliance --> Protect Germany from future war. |
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Comes to the throne 1890 - Bismark is dismissed
"Sought a place in the sun" for Germany Wants to industrialize and take over Britain Aspired for a huge navy, Weitpolitik Nationalistic and Militant Refuses to Renew Reinsurance Treaty, Russia becomes closer to Allies as a result. |
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The Balkans
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1870 - Balkan Uprisings in Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania ag. Ottoman
Russia comes to aid Slavs Turkish Russo war 1977 - Russia victory Treaty of San Stefano - Russian triumph, Great powers stop from Russia from gaining power First Balkan War 1912 - Ottoman empire failing Second Balkan War 1913 - Serbia fight Bulgaria and Ottoman, stopped by Austria |
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The Naval Race
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Germany's attempt to achieve global domination by catching up to British Navy
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand
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Spark in the powder keg, leader of Austria
June 28, 1914 - assassinated by a Serbian terrorist group "The Black Hand" in Bosnia, 3 weeks later, Austria declares war on Serbia, Russia mobilized, Germany Mobilized |
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The Allied Powers
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1904 - Entente Cordiale- Britain and France
Germany antagonism drives them closer 1907- Russo British agreement to form the Triple Alliance |
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Central Powers
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Germany and Austria - Dual alliance
Italy joins later to form Triple Alliance |
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Von Schlieffen Plan
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Formed by German General Schieffen, it was attempted to knock France directly out of the war
August 1914 - 2 mass wings invade France, execution is two slow by Von Moltik Britain declares war on Germany |
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Trench Warfare
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Along the Western Front, Extremely Defensive war, battles of attrition
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The Western Front
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September 1914 - Battle of the Marne - German vs French Stalemate
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Galllipoli Campaign
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Feb-Dec 1915 - British try to break stalemate in the east
Link up supply lines w/ Russia Try to capture Istanbul, Dardanelles Winston Churchill leads British Navy Invasion is a failure |
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Battle of Verdun
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1916 - German offensive against French Fortress at Verdun failed miserably. German plan was to "bleed the French dry"
French General Petain becomes famous "they shall not pass" national hero Germans underestimate French Defenses. |
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Battle of Somme
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1916 - British attempt a breakthrough
British shelled artillery at Germans "Over the Top" order came, Germans mowed down British forces 60,000 dead the first day, British underestimate German defenses |
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War at Sea
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British blockade at German coast, Germans respond with submarine warfare
1915 - Germans sink Lusitania 1916 - Battle of Jutland- only true naval battle, stalemate |
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Treaty of Brest Litovsk
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Russia war loses are too great
Czar steps down, Provisional government rises Germans help communist Lenin to return to Russia Russia gives huge amounts of land to Germany, Treaty of Brest Litovsk - 1917 |
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German Last Offensive
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Spring 1918- Launch an all out attack into French territory.
US troops are able to defeat them at the second battle of the Marne |
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Woodrow Wilson
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Tries to intially isolate America from the war
Enters the war, preaching the "fight for democracy", improves relationships with Allies. |
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The Fourteen Points
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Speech by Woodrow Wilson, calls for a post WWII ideal world
Creation for the League of Nations Free trade, Open diplomacy, freedom of seas, disarmament |
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The Paris Peace Settlement
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1919 - Treaty of Versaille
Germany and Allied Powers Germany and Soviet Union excluded from peace conference Alsace Loraine take back by France, rich coal mines of Saar Military severely limited War Guilt Clause East Prussia cut off by Polish Corridor Germany pays for reparations |
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The "Stab in the back"
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Germany felt dissed by the Allies for having to take blame for the war. Lead to future leaders being able to take advantage of an angry Germany.
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Italia Irrendenta
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Italian lands that not have been recovered. Pan-Itaty. Not all claims were met after WWII at Versaille
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The League of Nations
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formation of a group of Nations after Treaty of Versaille, will turn out to be a failure in international policy.
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The Russian Revolution of 1917
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Czar steps down, Kerensky establishes a provisional government
Lenin and Trotsky take over provisional government in Bolshevik Revolution, war between Whites and Reds, Reds are more organized by Trotsky |
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Lenin
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Lenin rises after the November Revolution
Establishes an NEP Dies in 1924 |
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Leon Trotsky
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Right Hand man of Lenin
World Revolution, opposes NEP Killed by Stalin after power struggle |
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Joseph Stalin
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Socialism only in Russia
right wing faction with right hand man Bukharin, wins power over Trotsky by 1928 |
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Kerensky
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Establishes a provisional government after the Czar steps down in 1917. Overthrown by Lenin
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Cheka
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Secret Police in Russia formed under the Soviet Democratic Party
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NEP
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Lenin's economic policy, allows for some economic trade to occur to stir up Russian economy
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Collectivization
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Collected peasants' lands into huge collective farms. Used agricultural surpluses to pay for industrialization. kulaks, wealthy landowners resisted these policies, they were terrorized by soviet officials
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Five Year Plan
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Stalin calls for the rapid industrialization of Russia. The state regulates all aspects of production by the Gosplan
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The Treaty of Rapallo
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Germany of Republic, Russia Communist - interaction between each other, renounce all territories with treaty Brest- Litovsk
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French Invasion of the Ruhr Valley
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French Invade the Ruhr Valley in January 1923 because Germany had not yet payed its reparations from Versaille
Weimar republic subsidized the Ruhr labor force, which formed a union Huge Inflation came as well as unemployment in both Germany and France Poincare will restore the French economy by the 1930s Germany is open to the rise of Hitler being in a state of economic and political distress. |
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Mussolini
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Italy emerged from WWI as a disappointed victor. They were denied there territories in Versailles
Weak economy and national debt created inflation. Mass unemployment. "red leagues" were formed. Workers gained control of factories. Socialist governments gained strength. New Elections are held in 1924, Mussolini's fascist government is elected 1925-1926 - Mussolini rules by decree, all opposition is crushed (e.g. Matteotti criticism) Fascist party is established in every corner of Italian society by 1929 1929-Lateran Accord signed with the Church |
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The March on Rome
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1922- Musolini marches with his Black Shirts on Rome, he is appointed to power by King Victor Emanuel
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Black Shirts
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Mussolini's followers. Conform to a strict uniform.
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The Lateran Accord
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Mussolini's deal with the church to recognize Fascism and the Italian state in return for money and the ability to teach in schools.
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The "Spirit of Locarno"
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October 1925 - Austen Chamberlain and Aristide Briand accept Stressman's proposal to establish the Western Front. Britain and Italy agreed to intervene against whichever side violated the frontier. Signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia. Pleasing time for everyone
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The Kellogg-Briand Pact
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1928- European States, Japan, and the US singed a treaty renouncing "war as an instrument of national policy"
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The Dawes Plan
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1924- US lends money to Germany to pay for reparations, the French withdraw out of the Ruhr, Unsuccessful and is succeeded by the Young Plan
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The Great Depression
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Economic depression from 1929 to 1940s. Originated in the US, spread globally, created economic problems, unemployment rose to new levels. Social democracies rise up in European Countries
Does not affect the Soviet Union National Government and Fascist Movements in Britain Socialist and Right Wing Movements in France |
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The Weimar Republic
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After the Treaty of Versailles, in 1919, Social Democrats lead the Weimar Republic. Required to give full economic provisions imposed by settlement. Constitutional flaws, Allowed for small parties to gain power in Reichstag - Article 48 allowed the president to rule by decree
Lack of Broad popular support, favored a constiutional monarchy by Germans-Kapp putsh right wing coup de tat in March 1920 |
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Paul von Hidenburg
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Elected President of the Weimar Republic in 1925, Shifts Weimar Republic into Authoritarian, appoints multiple chancellors but most fail
Nazis gain seats in Reichstag from 1928-1933. Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany, Von Papen is made vice chancellor |
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Adolf Hitler
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Born in Austria, believes in Aryan Superiority
Hates Versailles Treaty, wants to rid of it Grossdeautch- all Germans, Lebenscraum - Living Space in Russia Social Justice - Redistribution of economics Becomes chancellor in 1933, suspends Civil Rights, becomes a one party Nazi State, Used Terror and Violence of Secret Police(Gestapo), purges the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives, Keynesian Economic Policy seeking Autarky, re militarized the Rhineland |
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The Third Reich
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The Nazi Government, extreme loyalty to the state, Totalitarian society, youth groups, Anti-Semitic actions will follow
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Lebensraum
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Living space for German in Russia
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The Nuremberg Laws
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1935-Jews stripped of citizenship, exclusion b/w Jews and Non-Jews, Jews could not work in most professions, strict identification of Jews in German Society
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Kristallnatcht
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Night of the Broken Glass 1938- sponsored by SS and Hitler, Jews cannot leave Germany, Retaliation of a Nazi Official Murder
Savagely destroyed and vandalized Jewish synagogues and business. 18,000 Jews sent to concentration camps Evian conference - sponsered by nations to help Jews in Germany, nothing is attained there. Brits impose restriction to enter Palestine. |
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Japan Occupy Manchuria
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The Lytton Report of the League of Nations condemned the Japanese for taking over Manchuria, but not actions were done to even impose sanctions
1937- Rape of Nanking- Endangered an alliance of convenience between Nationalists and Communists. Japan Withdraws from league of nations |
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Re-militarization of the Rhineland
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Germany withdraws from League of Nations, start to build an Airforce and Navy, break the Versailles treaty, sends a small force to the Rhineland, France and Britain do nothing to stop him. Example of Appeasement
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Invasion of Ethiopia
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1935 - Mussolini seeks to avenge the humiliating defeat that Italians had suffered in 1896.
Deflects away from economic depression France and Britain eager to appease Italy, offset growing power against Germany Did not embargo oil, which could have prevented an Italian Victory, Italy still able to use Suez Canal. |
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The Anshluss
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PM Schuschigg held a plebiscite whiter Austria is to be united with Germany, Hitler invades to forestall the plebiscite
March 1938- Austria is annexed by Germany. Appeasement again |
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The Spanish Civil War
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1931 - Authoritrain monarchy collapsed, Spain becomes democratic. Elections in 1936 brought Spanish popular front
Losers of elections, Spanish Falangists, led by Francisco Franco engage the Popular front Germany/Italy help Fascists Russia helps popular front Japan, Germany, and Italy form the Anti-Commintern Pact Fascists ultimately win |
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The Popular Front Strategy
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Socialist movements rising in France and Spain, wanting to establish socialist governments. Aided by the USSR
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Neville Chamberlain
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Tries to appease Hitler at the Munich Conference and agrees to give Hitler the Sudetenland, Czechs were sold out by Britain and France.
Winston Churchill dealing w/ Fascist ideology, we need to use strength, not appeasement |
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Munich Conference
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1938 September 29 -Hitler recieved everything he demanded
Chamberlain declares "he brought peace for our tiem" Hitler will take over Czech in 1939. Russia feels dissed being left out of the Munich Conference |
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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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Germany puts pressure on poland 1939-Cede German city of Danzig and allows R.R. to connect to East Prussia. Poland did not yield, Britain and France guarantee Polish independence. Hitler did not take them seriously.
Non-Aggression Pact - Germany would take most of Western Poland, Russia takes Eastern Poland |
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Blitzkrieg
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1939- Lightening War into Poland, Germans from west, Russians from east. Russia tries to conquer Finland, but they cannot
Hitler goes into Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and finally into France. Evacuation at Dunkirk |
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The Free French
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Alternative to Vichy France, under Charles DeGaulle, didn't collaborate with Nazi Germany
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The Battle of Britain
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1940-1941 - Left Britain isolated
Hitler was prepared to allow Britain to retain its empire in return for a freehand for Germany on the continent. Britain rejects offer, Winston Churchill boots morale of people by speeches. Operation Sea Lion - Hitler was the first determined to control the air so he launched massive attacks by the German Air Force the Luffwaffe, Germands shifted tactics to attack civilians, London would be bombed every night for months, British morale became stronger RAF inflicted heavey looses on the Luftwaffe. Radar also benefited the British. RAF credited with victory Hitler abandoned plans for invasion. |
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Operation Barbarossa
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June 22, 1941 - Operation registered intiallity as a success, taking Stalin by surprise. Russia practice scorched earthy policy
Biggest Mistake by Hitler |
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Lend Lease
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US gives Britain, Soviet Union and France lots of money, indirectly involved in the war
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Stalingrad
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Russians defeat Germans, Fall of 1942. Germans make strategic mistake of securing oil fields in the Caucasus, most atrocious loss of the war.
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Midway
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US defeat of Japan: Spring of 1942, ends Japan's fatherest offensive in the Pacific, US start a "island hopping" campaign toward the Japanese Mainland
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944- Allies invade Normandy, France and led by Eisenhower
D-Day - largest amphibious assault Charles DeGaulle liberates France by civil war w/ Vichy |
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VE Day
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May 8, 1945- US and USSR force Germany into an unconditional surrender
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VJ Day
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Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945. August 14,1945- VJ day.
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United Nations
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Signed by Roosevelt in 1942 on the Atlantic Charter
Founded in 1945 as a successor to the League of nations, a security council is formed between France, China, US, Britain, and Russia |
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Origins of Cold War
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Tensions in WWII between US and Russia for global domination. Conflict between Western Democracies and Eastern Communism.
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Yalta Conference
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Feb 1945 - Germany agreees to unconditionally surredner. America invites Russia to defeat Japan. FDR wanted a League of Nations, US wanted democratic elections in eastern states yet Soviet Union wanted buffers.
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Potsdam Conference
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July 1945 - Truman, Stalin, Atlee meet to talk about the free elections in eastern states. Soviets and Americans agree to uncondiontional surrender in Japan and the division of Germany
Soviet Union want reparations from Germany, but US doesn't agree because there is too much tension. Want to show Russia their power |
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The Final Solution
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Hitler's plan to exterminate all the Jews. He kills over 6 million in concentration camps over Europe.
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Truman Doctrine
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Act of Containment, Fight communist guerrillas in Greece and Turkey. Prevent the Soviet Union from taking the Dardanelles
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"Containment"
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Strictly defensive prevention of spreading communsim.
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The Marshall Plan
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US used lots of money to rebuild europe, offered aid to all of Europe, but eastern states were not allowed by Stalin. France and Italy are built up again to right the rising communist parties. America is called "anti-democratic" by the Soviets
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The "Iron Curtain"
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Winston Churchill declares the division of East and West Germany, separating Democracy and Communism
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NATO
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1949- US creates alliance of Western Europe states. Turns into a military blockade
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Warsaw Pact
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1955 - Soviets Response to NATO
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Berlin Blockade/Airlift
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1948-1949- Berlin Blockade, split Berlin into West and East, West Germans introduce a new currency, East blockade. US will conduct an Airlift to provide for West Germany. Soviets Back out.
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The "Fall" of China
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1949- China goes red under Mao
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The Korean War
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June 1950 - North Korea invades South Korea, almost take the whole things, US intervention
MacArthur 1945-1950 - Turn Japan into a pro-west society. MacArthur invades Incheon, route N. Korean Forces to 38th parallel. Truman is reluctant to cross 38th parrallel Push until the Yalu River, Chinese forces retaliate back at the Battle of Chosun. Truman will fire MacArthur for proposing to invade China further. Eisenhower will end the Korean War |
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Syngman Rhee
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First President of South Korea
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Kim Il Sung
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Communist leader of North Korea
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Gen. Douglas MacArthur
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Great Shogun of the West, westernized Japan
Fight the North Koreans in the Battle of Inchon. |
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Crises of 1956
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1956- Poland rebellion in Communist Party, want to split off from Soviet Union, Gomulka is taken by KGB and promises to agree to close millitary alliance
1956-Hungary - rebellions under Nagy, more dramatic, want independent communism, declare Russia need to withdraw from Hungary, break from Warsaw Pact. Americans encouraged uprisings, Soviet Union removes Nagy, crush demonstrations, force Hungarians to remain part of alliance. Suez Crisis - Nasser nationalizes the Suez canal, owned by British b/c they want Suez control, Israel invades Egypt with France and Britain.Expelled by Russians, and US do not help them. |
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Nasser
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President of Egypt- 1967 - Flooded with weapons from Soviet Union. Syrians also flooded with weapons. Mass anti-Israel Campaign. Tell US peacekeeping force to leave. US eventually leaves. Nasser sends troops into Sianai. Close gulf of Akaba. Jordanian and Syrian armies signed with Nasser. Arabs had weapons, united millitaries, Gas attacks used in previous Yemen War. Fought 6 day war against Israel and loses.
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Khrushchev
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1953 - Khrushcev takes power and turns Tolitarian regime to Authoritarian.
Allows ofr some freedom, rids of censorship., more consumer goods, still communist 1956- Secret Speedh-criticizes Stalin and his crimes against Russian people and communist ideology Khrushchev- American relationships are good and tense |
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The Berlin Wall
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1961- in response to the brain drain, prevent from migrations from east to west.
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The Cuban Missle Crisis
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1962- Soviet Union plant secret nuclear missiles in Cuba, War was on edge, Kennedy's advisor asked to bomb Cuba, Kennedy blockades Cuba
Russia finally backs off after 13 days. Closest brink to the cold war. Russia will remove missles from Cuba and US will remove from Turkey |
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Detente
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De cooling of the war, Mutually assured destruction, Nuclear Test line Treaty, SALT
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Leonid Brezhnev
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Stalinist type, assertive leader of Soviet Union
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Dubcek
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Leads Czechoslavkia, Prague Spring of 1968- human rights new elections, Brechnev invades and replaces leader with Soviet figurehead. Brezhnev Doctrine established(right to interfere with domestic policies of eastern European countries)
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End of Detente
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Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
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Gorbachev
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Creates a mixed economy in Russia, Radical reforms lead to collapse of the Soviet Union
Economic reform-Perestroika Glasnost-political opening- allow for dissent to exist Free elections, debates, censorship abolished. Hated at home, internationally profound leader Arms reduction- end the cold war, scaling back soviet commitments, extracting soviet union from Afghanistan, waning relations with US S.T.A.R.T.- reducing weapons between US and Russia Gets rid of Brezhnev Doctrine, Warsaw pact |
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Solidarity
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Polish Trading Union, non-communist government in Warsaw Pact
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Yugoslavia
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Tito- communist leader dies
Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians all break up slowly. Bloodshed between Serbs and Croats. Croatians eventually become independent. Bosnians try to leave. Concentration camps set up - NATO intervenes. |
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Boris Yeltsin
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Presides over Russia, deals w/ unemployment, inflation, crime
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Mohandas K. Gandhi
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Leader of congress party of India. incoporate Muslims, Jain, Buddhism, Sikh, Hindu, against Partition. Rid of Caste system, non-violent protest
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Nehru
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Co-operates with British, more pragmatic politician,
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Moslem League/Ali Jinnah
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Congress Party dismissed Moslem Party, British arrest almost entire Congress Party. Jinnah-gets opening after the elections. Mass outbreaks of violence against hindus.
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Partition of India/Pakistan
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Summer 1957 - India gets independance
2 states are created massive refugees. Many muslims in India moved to East Pakistan, million die in 3 months of fighting Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist. |
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Indira Gandhi
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Daughter of Nehru, rules 1980s
Industrial Growth, Technological advancement Green Revolution- allows for India to provide crops for itself Tries to remain neutral in cold war US want democratic India to join them, America supported Pakistan, anti-communist, anti-support, Assasinated by Sikhs of Armistar 1961- Bangladesh is born from an East Pakistan movement against West Pakistan. |
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Chiang Kai Shek
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nationalist leader in China, forms alliance with Mao to fight Japanese, defeated and flees to Taiwan
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Mao Zedong
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Communist leader of China, Radical changes, one child policy, land reforms, redistribution of wealth, set 5 year plans-large industrial growth, technology, creating nuclear weapons.
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Great Leap Forward
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Modernize rural China. Creat all chinese population into strictly functioning communes; everything was to be shared, Turn communes into production brigade, fails miserably in the end.
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Cultural Revolution
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Zealous activity, reincarnation of new generation, massive purging from leadership to peasants. Erase failure of Great Leap foward.
Red Guards- Young group indoctrinated to weed out subversives. breaks families, anti-confusionist 10s millions are killed |
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European Economic Community
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Free trade between western Europe. NAFTA
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EU
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European Union creates common citizenship, similar economies, production standards at Treaty of Mastrict.
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