History Final Exam

Front 1

wilsons fourteen points

Back 1

A abolition of slavery

B freedom of seas

C removal of international economic barriers

D reduction of armaments

E impartial adjustment of colonial claims - self determination

F establishment of general association of nations - the league of nations

Front 2

big four

Back 2

president wilson

david lloyd george

french premier georges clemenceau

vittorio orlando of italy

Front 3

treaty of versailles

Back 3

1) article 231 - war guilt clause - central powers assume responsibility for outbreak of WWI

2) germany lost one mil sq mi of colonial possession

3)germany lost 50,000 sq mi of european territory

4) germany army reduced to 100,000 men

5) surrendered all warships, subs, planes, military equipment

6) reparations of 56.5 bil in gold

Front 4

uncle shylock

Back 4

europeans urged amerian to forgive debts

europe bled while america profited

Front 5

what did the dawes plan do?

Back 5

reduced German annual payments & extended period for repayment & more loans.

Front 6

what did the young plan do?

Back 6

Set amount Germany must pay as $8.8 billion

58 yrs to pay

principal plus interest would amount to over $27 billion

Front 7

what is prime the pump?

Back 7

British rejected offer from Hoover to trade their debt for British Honduras, Bermuda, and Trinidad.

Front 8

what happened at the washington conference

Back 8

in Washington to discuss reduction of Naval armaments and problems of the Pacific.

--The conference drafted nine treaties; most important were:

1. A Five-Power Treaty

2. A Four-Power Treaty

3. A Nine-Power Treaty

Front 9

what did the five-power treaty do?

Back 9

couldn't construct war ships for 10 yrs

fixed relative tonnage of Great Britain, US, Japan, France, and Italy

Front 10

what did the four power treaty do?

Back 10

binding the signatories (US, Great Britain, Japan, and France) to

respect one another’s rights in the Pacific and to confer in the event that any question threatened to disrupt harmonious relations.

Front 11

what did the nine power treaty guarantee?

Back 11

guaranteeing the political and territorial integrity of China and the “Open Door” for trade

Front 12

what did the lacarno pact guarantee?

who were the leaders involved?

what country was admitted to the league of nations?

Back 12

Guaranteed borders as specified by the Treaty of Versailles.

-- Agreed never to go to war with each other in violation of the Treaties

-- Briand of France and Stresemann of Germany were the leaders.

1926 Germany was admitted to the League of Nations

Front 13

what was the geneva conferance

Back 13

(coolidge) signatories of the Washington Naval Treaty invited to confer at Geneva.

Japan not interested in Naval treaty; wants to build navy... breaks five power treaty

Front 14

what was the kellogg-briand act?

Back 14

principal states agreed to settle all international disputes by peaceful means.

Front 15

what was the purpose of the league of nations?

what country never joined?

when did it collapse?

what was it a model for?

Back 15

after WWI to promote peace & security.

--useful in settling minor disputes but unable to stop aggression by major powers

--The United States never became a member.

--collapsed early in WWII

model for United Nations.

Front 16

what does ethiopia have to do with wwii

Back 16

Italy invades Ethiopia; neither Britain nor France seeks to restrain it. (one of the causes of wwii)

Front 17

describe the spanish civil war's role in wwii

Back 17

the Spanish Civil War, aided by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Franco overthrows the Spanish Republic and establishes a dictatorship. (one of causes of wwii)

Front 18

what is blitzkrieg?

Back 18

lighting war against Poland

Front 19

who succeeded bulganin as soviet premier?

Back 19

Nikita Khrushchev

Front 20

atlantic charter:

where?

who?

results

Back 20

new foundland, canada

roosevelt & churchill

joint statement of war aims

Front 21

what was the cold war?

Back 21

The political & economic struggle between the capitalist, democratic western powers

& the communist bloc after WWII

Front 22

when were the first atomic bombs dropped?

what two cities were they dropped on?

what were the fatalities in each city?

Back 22

Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945, 130,000

Nagasaki Aug 9, 1945, 60,000

Front 23

article x

Back 23

compel congress at dictates of league council to defend territorial integrity and political independence of any member state which was attacked

Front 24

postdam conference

where?

who?

results?

Back 24

suburb of berlin

Truman—Stalin—Attlee (GB)

Truman ordered the bomb dropped if Japan did not surrender

Front 25

what is stalin's marxist destiny

Back 25

perpetual struggle against non-Communist nations

Front 26

national security act

Back 26

Department of Defense secretary would preside over all branches of the Armed Services.

Front 27

what did the CIA do

Back 27

collected info as the Cold War continued for engaging secretly in active political and military operations on behalf of American goals.

Front 28

NSC-68

Back 28

US must establish firm and active leadership of the non-Communist world

Front 29

what was NATO's goal

Back 29

safeguard the Atlantic Community against the Soviet Bloc

Front 30

warsaw pact

Back 30

protect eastern communism against western democracy

Front 31

TEHERAN CONFERENCE

where

who

results

Back 31

Iran

FDR, Churchill, Stalin

post war cooperation of UN

stalin promises to enter war in japan

Front 32

CASABLANCA CONFERENCE

where

who results

Back 32

french morraca

FDR, churchill

promise of unconditional surrender

stalin calls for second front

Front 33

MOSCOW AGREEMENT

where

who

results

Back 33

soviet union

churchill and stalin

churchill wants to make sure greece doesn't fall to communism

he promises stalin eastern europe

Front 34

YALTA CONFERENCE

where

who

results

Back 34

ukraine

FDR, Stalin, Churchill

four power occupation of germany (^ + france)

Front 35

USA RECOGNITION OF RUSSIA

how long did it take?

what was the reason?

Back 35

16 yrs

Reason: Great Depression & USA self-interest

Front 36

munich conference

Back 36

Munich, Germany

Germany, GB, France, & Italy

surrendered the Sudetenland to Germany. Chamberlain, “Peace in our Time”. --Symbol of appeasement

Front 37

THE BABIES HAVE BEEN DELIVERED

Back 37

the atomic bombs have been successfully tested

Front 38

nonaggression pact of 1939

between who?

why?

Back 38

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Reasons: both sides need time

(Russia invades Finland & Baltic States)

(German invades Poland)

Front 39

what did the iron curtain separate?

Back 39

eastern communism and western democracy

Front 40

DECEMBER 7, 1941

Back 40

japanese bomb pearl harbor

Front 41

National Security Council (NSC)

Back 41

to coordinate the defense and foreign policy of the US

Front 42

containment

Back 42

containment of Russia expansive tendencies

(contain communism)

Front 43

Truman Doctrine

Back 43

Truman justified aid to Greece and Turkey and keep the from communist domination

Front 44

marshall plan

Back 44

United States would finance a massive rebuilding of Europe

Front 45

berlin blockade

Back 45

Stalin instituted the blockade of West Berlin in an attempt to force the US & Allies to abandon the city

opposite effect: Berlin airlift made the

city a worldwide symbol of resistance to Communism

Front 46

fall of china

Back 46

Chiang Kai-Shek Fled to Formosa (Taiwan)

Mao Tse-Tung communist takes over

Front 47

korean war

Back 47

divided @38th Parallel into N&S korea

Chinese Communist forces joined the North Korea Army—when North Korean forces invaded South Korea. The United Nations authorized member nations to aid

Front 48

John Foster Dulles

Back 48

"containment policies too passive"

--Called for Liberation (active program to roll-back Communism)

Front 49

Massive retaliation

Back 49

how US responded to Communist threat to Allies:

economic force—reduction in cost & reliance on atomic weapons

"more bang for a buck"

Front 50

brinksmanship

Back 50

Pushing the Soviet Union to the brink of war

Nuclear Chicken

ex: JKF Cuban Missile Crisis

Front 51

sputnik

Back 51

first man made satellite

russia

Front 52

Counterinsurgency

Back 52

The training of native police forces by American military and technical advisers

Front 53

missile gap

Back 53

gap between soviet union and us

arms race to build faster

Front 54

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Back 54

Unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by USA backed Cuban exiles

Front 55

cuban missile crisis

Back 55

--USSR secretly began building missile launching sites in Cuba

--Construction was detected by USA reconnaissance flights

--Kennedy demanded the withdrawal of the missiles and imposed a Naval blockade on Cuba.

--The Soviets agreed to dismantle the missile sites

--Led to “Hot Line”

Front 56

Détente

Back 56

Relaxation of tensions between nations USA and USSR

After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan relations worsened

Front 57

Afghanistan

Back 57

--Carter Shelver Salt II, suspended grain shipments, began a campaign for an international boycott of the 1980 Olympics

Front 58

carter doctrine

Back 58

US pledged to oppose any further aggression in the Persian Gulf

Front 59

final solution

Back 59

“final solution” of the Jewish problem was the terrible fulfillment of Nazi racial mythology

Front 60

radar

Back 60

invented during wwii

saved Britain in its struggle for survival

Front 61

red scare

Back 61

fear of rise of communism

Front 62

contras

Back 62

members of a guerrilla force in Nicaragua

Front 63

hirohito

Back 63

emperor of japan

Front 64

benito mussolini

Back 64

prime minister of italy

Front 65

fascism

Back 65

authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government

Front 66

francisco franco

Back 66

dictator of spain

Front 67

anthony eden

Back 67

prime minister of UK

Front 68

battle of britain

Back 68

campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom

Front 69

royal air force

Back 69

UK's air force

Front 70

tokyo napalm

Back 70

highly flammable sticky jelly bomb attack against japan by US

Front 71

st louis

Back 71

german ocean liner tried to find homes for 915 German refugees

Front 72

operation magic

Back 72

United States efforts to break Japanese military and diplomatic codes

Front 73

arsenal for democracy

Back 73

slogan used by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Front 74

tripartite pact

Back 74

Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Berlin

Front 75

manhattan project

Back 75

project to make the atomic bomb

Front 76

francis gary powers

Back 76

American pilot whose CIA U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission over Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident

Front 77

mutual defense pact

Back 77

signatories to come to each other's defense in circumstances laid out in the terms of the treaty

Front 78

hungary rebellion

Back 78

nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies

Front 79

east germany uprising

Back 79

widespread uprising against the German Democratic Republic government

Front 80

petrograd

Back 80

petrograd workers stopped kornilov from establishing a military dictatorship

Front 81

mensheviks

Back 81

would not stoop to crime/undemocratic methods for sake of political success

Front 82

bolsheviks

Back 82

most militant of all revolutionary socialists

aimed to create democratic socialist state

Front 83

totalitarianism

Back 83

seeks to create organized/stable society--one whose members don't raise troublesome questions/hold unorthodox opinions

Front 84

white army

Back 84

anti-communist groups in russia

monarchists

Front 85

man of steel

Back 85

stalin

crude/vulgar

Front 86

black shirts

Back 86

facist militia

raided socialist and trade union offices

Front 87

pope pius XI

Back 87

ultra conservative whose hatred of liberalism and secularism led him to believe that fascists would increase the influence of the church in the nation

Front 88

lateran accords

Back 88

--recognized independence of vatican city

--repealed many anticlerical laws passed under the liberal government

--made religious instruction compulsory in secondary schools

Front 89

battle of the grain

Back 89

--fascist regime brought marginal lands under cultivation and urged farmers to concentrate on wheat

--to make italy more self-sufficient

Front 90

sparacist revolt

Back 90

german communist party

took to streets of berlin and declared ebert's gov. deposed

free corps suppressed revolution and murdered leaders, luxemburg and liebknect

Front 91

weimar republic

Back 91

revolution brought down german gov. led to creation of democratic republic

new gov. drew up constitution for new state: weimar republic

germans detested it

Front 92

adolf hitler

Back 92

leader of nazi party and eventual leader of germany

Front 93

nazi

Back 93

right-wing extremist political party

hilter leader

Front 94

mein kampf

Back 94

book hilted wrote in prison about his worldview

Front 95

fuehrer

Back 95

leader

Front 96

heinrich himmler

Back 96

leader of SS

believer in hitlers racial theories

molded SS into disciplined, dedicated, utterly ruthless men

Front 97

peace, land, and bread

Back 97

lenin's slogan

Front 98

lenin's opportunity

Back 98

helped lead bolsheviks

believed in control of economy

believed in the dictatorship of the proletariat

Front 99

lincoln battalion

Back 99

consisted of volunteers wanting to fight for republic during spanish civil war

Front 100

august 8, 1945

Back 100

truman signed united nations charter

Front 101

ike eisenhower

Back 101

5 star general in US army during wwii

Front 102

hilter's foreign policy aims were the destruction of _____ _____, the conquest and colonization of east _______, and the domination and exploitation of ______

Back 102

versailles treaty

europe

racial "inferiors"

Front 103

how did USA officially end wwi

Back 103

treaty of versailles

Front 104

independent internationalism

Back 104

USA active on global scale but retained its independence of action

Front 105

1948

Back 105

book written by george orwell

set in GB, dictated by socialism

Front 106

animal farm

Back 106

book written by george orwell

reflects events leading up to the russian revolution and in to the stalin era in the soviet union

Front 107

the wasteland

Back 107

poem by ts eliot

follows legend of holy grail and the fisher king combined with vignettes of contemporary british society

Front 108

leon trotsky

Back 108

marxist revolutionary and theorist, soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the red army

Front 109

november criminals

Back 109

german gov. leaders who signed armistice ending wwi

Front 110

joseph goebbels

Back 110

german politician and reich minister of propaganda in nazi germany

one of hilter's closest associates and most devoted followers

Front 111

kristallnacht

night of broken glass

Back 111

series of coordinated attacks against jews throughout nazi germany and austria carried out by non jewish civilains