History Final Exam

Front 1

Who was JESSE OWEN?

Back 1

-Black American and Olympic medalist
- Won four gold medals and set or tied three world records.
-Angers Hitler because not only is JESSE OWENS American but he is African-American.
-Hitler wants to prove that it was all a fluke.

Front 2

Who was LENI REIFENSTAHL?

Back 2

-hired by Hitler to make a documentary of the Olympics because he thought the Germans would dominate in Berlin and wanted it to be recored.
-Film named "Olympiad"

Front 3

Who was JOE LOUIS?

Back 3

-1938, boxing match in Madison square garden takes place to decide who the heavy weight boxing Champion is
-American boxer called the brown bomber is one of the fighters
-What made him a good fighter:
Strong, smart fighter(analyzed opponents), Can take the hits
-Wins the fight

Front 4

Who was MAZ SCHMELLING?

Back 4

- German boxer vs. the boxer JOE LOUIS
-Hitler wanted him to win and literally crush LOUIS
-Did not win (LOUIS hit him with four punches: left, right, left, really hard right)
-Hitler is embarrassed but is determined to prove to people that aryans are the best

Front 5

Who is THEODORE MORRELL?

Back 5

- Hitlers quack doctor
-Hitler thinks MORRELL is keeping him alive
-has all types of strange cures and medicines to keep him alive.-
-One medicine, had a daily shot of bull hormones.
-Also prescribed daily shots of sweat from Bulgarian peasant women.

Front 6

What is the NEUTRALITY ACT?

Back 6

three different acts but taken together this is what they say: prohibited an American citizen, an American business, and the American government itself, from aiding any country at war. Became illegal for Americans to help a nation at war. Did not make distinction between victim and aggressor.

Front 7

BILLY MITCHELL

Back 7

-believes that the next war will be won by air power.
-People thought he was crazy.
-Convinced that there will be a war between America and Japan. -
-Believes the only way America can defeat Japan is with airplanes.
-Convinced that there is a war coming and to develop an airplane that can reach Japan.
-Plane called a B-29 (A long range heavy bomber)

Front 8

In late August 1939,

Back 8

it is announced that the Soviet Union and Germany have signed the non-aggression pact.
Just a promise not to fight against each other. Reason Hitler signed agreement is because he can do what he wants and they will do nothing.
His next objective is to take Poland.

Front 9

September the first 1939,

Back 9

Hitler attacks Poland.
Started a world war.
Hitler didn’t mean to start world war just thought that because nobody was doing anything to stop him he thought he could take it no problems involved.
Wants to make a statement in Poland.
He introduces the Blitzkrieg (lightning war).

Front 10

BLITZKRIEG

Back 10

- rapid troop movement, air superiority (German Air force called the Luftwaffe)

Front 11

HERMANN GOERING

Back 11

leader of LUFTWAFFE.
German fighter pilot in first world war, very arrogant, wears pink uniforms

Front 12

HANS BARTRAM

Back 12

-Polish air force made up of obsolete German planes.
-Polish put up quite a fight and hold on longer than anybody thinks they will.
-Germans pressing in on all sides of WARSAW.
All of a sudden the Germans stop and Hitler sends in carpenters and build bleachers around the city and then have a cocktail party and invite people from around the world and give them tickets for reserved seating.
-Sitting in bleachers and are wondering what’s going on, have a view of city of WARSAW, start to hear a sound and realize that it is the German air force, completely destroy WARSAW, Hitler wants everyone to go back and tell everyone what Germany can do so he has HANS BERTRAM film all of this.

Front 13

Hitler is surprised after the attack on WARSAW because...?

Back 13

-Next six weeks nothing seems to happen.
-Hitler is waiting to see what the world will do, does not think that anybody will do anything, is shocked when France and Great Britain fight back.
-By June of 1940, Germans have control of France.
-The French will surrender and Hitler goes to France to accept on June 22, 1940 the surrender of France.

Front 14

ALBERT SPEER

Back 14

Hitler’s architect goes walking with Hitler in the streets of France. Wants SPEER to see French Opera house to copy it in Germany

Front 15

Operation Sea Lion

Back 15

-Plan to invade Great Britain. -Needed to destroy the RAF (royal air force) HERMANN GOERING says that he can absolutely defeat the RAF.
-HERMANN GOERING went back to his headquarters and wrote a song, bad song, to inspire pilots but did nothing else to prepare.
-Primary targets are the RAF bases. -Very successful.

Front 16

WINSTON CHURCHILL

Back 16

-New prime minister (got rid of Neville chamberlain).
-Veteran of Politics.
-After the RAF bases are bombed CHURCHILL decides he will authorize a British bombing of Berlin.
-Reason: Want to prove to British people that they were capable of fighting back.
-Hitler said that Berlin would never be bombed and was so angry when it was that he targeted British cities to kill people.
-Loss of civilian life is enormous, London bombed nearly around the clock.
-Change of strategy gives the RAF time to rebuild and soon starts to turn the tide.

Front 17

Operation BARBAROSSA

Back 17

-June 1941, German launch a surprise attack into soviet union.
-Now Britain has an ally.

Front 18

LEND-LEASE

Back 18

Violates Neutrality Act,
-Roosevelt breaks the law, if he hadn’t done that Britain would have fallen to the Germans and we would have been the next target,

Front 19

TRIPARTITE PACT

Back 19

1940, Japan added to the alliance of Germany and Italy.
(Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in America, no more trade with Japan (hard for Japan because they get a lot of military items from America)

Front 20

BURKE WADSWOTH BILL

Back 20

First peace time draft ( draft people into military but not into war)

Front 21

HIDEKI TOJO

Back 21

Thought there would be a war between Japan and U.S. but thinks Japan is not ready so wants to stall, sends a representative to Washington D.C. to stall, by end of November 1941, U.S. is frustrated because Japanese isn’t really negotiating

Front 22

CORDELL HALL

Back 22

tells Japan to get to the negotiating or else, Japan replies back on December 3rd with a telegram that says we gotcha note and then later a second on saying they will send our final response tomorrow, on December 7th we get the second message that says they reject everything America says and immediately warning went out to all military bases but it is too late because Pearl harbor is already attacked

Front 23

ISORUKU YAMAMOTO

Back 23

-spent time in U.S.,
-when told that attack went off better than expected, timing of the message is off, then realizes declaration of war to U.S. was not delivered before but after attack,
-loved the U.S. and when he realizes what has happened says “I fear we have woken the sleeping giant”
-wanted the declaration of war to go first and then later attack,

Front 24

BATTLE OF MIDWAY

Back 24

-June of 1942,
-Kind of an insignificant place,
- was going to use it as a refueling station for merchant ships, never very useful,
-Becomes significant because Japan loses 4 aircrafts, US slowly starts to gain air superiority,
-Japans next target after Midway was California but didn’t because they lost at Midway

Front 25

D-DAY INVASION

Back 25

-Dwight ISENHOWER led it,
-happens at five points in Normandy, France.
-At first liberate France and then move on to Germany

Front 26

THE THOUSAND PLANE RAID

Back 26

-FEBRUARY 3rd, 1945,
-Planes bomb Berlin and then DRESDIN (February 13th-14th),
-different kind of attack,
-used a INCENDIARY BOMB,
-created fire tornados in DRESDIN, turned subway into an oven,
-killed over 110,000 people by cooking them alive with these bombs.

Front 27

HITLER marries EVA BRAUN

Back 27

celebrate marriage by committing suicide together.

Front 28

Who surrenders on May 8th, 1945?

Back 28

Germany surrenders and war with them is over but war rages on with JAPAN.

Front 29

MANHATTAN PROJECT

Back 29

-Bomb was radio-active, never tested it before, really expensive program,
- Project led by ROBERT OPPENHEIMER (scientific side, physicist in charge), LESLEY GROVES led military side of project
-June of 1945, test it in remote place in White Sand, New Mexico.
-Don’t evacuate, dig a deep pit and drop bomb down the deep hole and then place camera to take picture, then place men randomly out in holes to witness it

Front 30

HARRY STIMPSON

Back 30

-(secretary of war) tries to convince OPPENHEIMER to use bomb on JAPAN.
-Decide to use bomb but have to figure out how to launch it, flight of B-29’s land on KENTIAN and practice taking off with really heavy loads, many don’t clear the runway and crash,
-Early in the morning of 1945, men given orders only to be opened once they are air born
-First group: easy to get off ground, only have camera’s

Front 31

ENOLA GAY

Back 31

Second group called the led by PAUL TIBBETTS,
-didn’t think they would make it off the ground but they clear the trees at the end of the runway and become air born,
-open sealed orders and find out where they are headed
-At 8:16 in the morning the ENOLA GAY is over HIROSHIMA, drops atomic bomb and people are vaporized, and afterwards dealt with radioactive poisoning, bomb didn’t even reach ground,
-another bomb dropped on NAGASAKI, fewer people die,
-at this point Emperor HIROHITO talks to the people and tells them they were the victims of a weapon of an unknown type,

Front 32

Who surrenders on August 15th, 1945?

Back 32

Japan.

Front 33

HENRY KAISER

Back 33

responsible for idea of PREFABRICATION

Front 34

The Cold War

Back 34

-period after WWII. Ended in 1989 (fall of communism).
-Some say war was started by the communists because they wanted to spread communism over the world.
-Others say it was the fault of the USA, because we wanted to spread capitalism.
-Others say it was inevitable because these two ideas are so different there is tension.
-What is the Cold War?: War of ideas, one side communism and other side democracy and capitalism. War of independence in Vietnam.
-US never set out to be the champion of freedom, we take on that role because no other western countries are ready, willing, or can afford to do that.

Front 35

TRUMAN DOCTRINE

Back 35

-To help Greece and Turkey not be overcome by the communists.
-US promise to help these countries resist communism, eventually costs US $660,000,000 but is successful, both remain free

Front 36

POINT FOUR

Back 36

To resist communism from spreading to Africa, Latin America, and Asia. US spends $400,000,000 on this.

Front 37

MARSHALL PLAN

Back 37

-Spent $12,000,000,000,
-Proposed by GEORGE MARSHALL, SECRETARY OF STATE, to rebuild western Europe (parts destroyed in the war)
-Stalin didn’t trust US and started COMINFORM, made to sabotage the MARSHALL PLAN

Front 38

NORTH ATLANTIC TREAT ORGANIZATION (NATO)

Back 38

Created in 1949, includes 11 nation of western Europe + US and Canada

Front 39

GEORGE KENNAN

Back 39

NATO is his idea, NATO makes the war more dangerous, an attack on one member of the alliance and it is an attack on all.

Front 40

WARSAW PACT

Back 40

Alliance of 9 eastern European nations.

Front 41

The opposing generals in chinese civil war?

Back 41

Civil war raging in China for a long time, to control China, one side led by communist MAO TSE-TUNG in the civil war and the other side led by CHIANG KAI-SHEK led the nationalist Chinese. War renewed in the Cold War.

Front 42

FORMOSA

Back 42

Taiwan, SHEK forced off China and onto FORMOSA

Front 43

FACT: Lost most populated nation (CHINA) to communism.

Back 43

Fact on card before this one...

Front 44

1949, Korea crosses the 38th parallel and invades.

Back 44

-UN sends army to help, but an American mission, mostly made up of Americans and led by an American, Douglas MacArthur.
-Force Koreans back deeper and deeper into N. Korea until he has them up against the YALU RIVER.
-Chinese threaten to get involved if they don’t get away from their border, Americans don’t back off and there is a massacre of American troops.
-MacArthur retreats just below the 38th parallel.

Front 45

ISENHOWER is a candidate for President and his VP would be Richard Nixon

Back 45

-NIXON viewed VP as a stepping stone to presidency but during election NIXON is found out about a large amount of money that he was hiding
-Americans are mad, took his case on television, called the checker case,

Front 46

ISENHOWER wins the election

Back 46

-ISENHOWER says that if they elect him he will balance the budget, big challenge, and he would personally go to Korea and negotiate an end to the war.

Front 47

JOHN F. DULLES

Back 47

-secretary of state
-comes up with a way to balance the budget and called it MASSIVE RETALIATION

Front 48

MASSIVE RETALIATION

Back 48

-instead of relying on army rely on air power, bombers and missiles.
-We also rely on this, we tell the world that anything that threatens us we will respond with EVRYTHING we have got!,
-called nuclear chicken :who will chicken out first, made world much more dangerous, as we build missiles so does the soviet union

Front 49

Communist agree to sign a treaty in 1953

Back 49

-divided Korea at the 38th parallel, accomplishes nothing, we have lost many people and $35,000,000,000.

Front 50

How Cold war is reflected in the US: reasons to be scared, Soviet union develop their own atomic bomb and test it in 1949. US blames...?

Back 50

ETHEL AND JULIUS ROSENBERG

Front 51

ETHEL AND JULIUS ROSENBERG

Back 51

are accused of selling secrets of the atomic bomb. Arrested, tried, found guilty and executed.
-1947, TRUMAN orders all government workers to take loyalty oaths and investigations. Can’t even trust government.

Front 52

FRENCH-INDO CHINA

Back 52

Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.

Front 53

VIETMINH: HO CHI MINH

Back 53

-leader,
-want independence from France.
-MINH is a communist during the time of the cold war leading a movement for independence.
-French desperately try to put down this movement and stay in control.
-Start a puppet government to rule Vietnam called SAIGON.

Front 54

BAO DAI

Back 54

-was born in Vietnam but lived in France and was a catholic
-France hopes that because he is Vietnamese the people will like him.
-US pour billions of dollars into this every year in hopes that France will support NETO.
-PROBLEM: French totally inept, army surrounded and defeated in 1954 by Vietnam and leave with BAO DAI.

Front 55

NGO DINH DIEM

Back 55

US creates a government in Vietnam under this man. He turns out to be a crazy, controlling dictator.
(American diplomats and communist representatives meet to discuss this in Geneva, Switzerland for conference. Decide to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel. )

Front 56

NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT

Back 56

fight against SAIGON GOVERNMENT, VIETNAM, and US. (N. and S. Vietnam, Vietminh and Vietnam, join forces)

Front 57

MAXWELL TAYLOR

Back 57

General sent by president Kennedy on a fact finding mission in Vietnam. Comes back and gives report. Says a little more money, technology, and advisors and we can defeat the communists. Everybody agreed EXCEPT for GEORGE BALL.

Front 58

GEORGE BALL

Back 58

-Under-Secretary of State.
-Told President that he thought it was a terrible idea and if we weren’t careful millions of American soldiers would die.
-President said “George, you’re crazier than hell.”

Front 59

November 22, 1963, Dallas, TX

Back 59

President Kennedy was assassinated by LEE HARVEY OSWALD.
-On November 24, 1963, LEE HARVEY OSLWALD was shot while in transit by JACK RUBY.

Front 60

LINDEN JOHNSON

Back 60

took over presidency

Front 61

ROBERT McNAMERA

Back 61

secretary of defense, supports commitment to help Vietnam

Front 62

MADDOX

Back 62

-ship,
-victim of attack, in international waters,
-attacked by N. Vietnamese boat,
-On August 4th, MADDOX was again attacked along with C. TURNER JOY (American Boat).

Front 63

GULF OF TONKIN (RESOLUTION)

Back 63

-Gives president permission to do whatever he thinks he has to do concerning Vietnam.
-Americans never declared war.
-JOHNSON sends in army. By end of summer, 1965, we have 550,000 men on the ground fighting.

Front 64

WILLIAM WESTMORELAND

Back 64

By 1968, In command of US forces

Front 65

WALTER KRONKITE

Back 65

-In 1968, goes to SAIGON and interviews WESTEMORELAND in person and asks about the war.
-As WESTMROELAND says that we are taking care of things/starting to clean up the mess, in the background you see explosions as communists start to attack.
-In Vietnam people fought 12-month drafts.