History Final

Front 1

The writer who best gave expression to the sixteenth century preoccupation with political power was

Back 1

Niccolo Machiavelli

Front 2

Machiavelli’s emphasis that the ends justify the means had been expressed earlier by

Back 2

India’s Kautilya

Front 3

In the fifteenth century, the Italians especially the Venetians in their commercial empires were only rivaled by

Back 3

the Hansiatic League

Front 4

The third estates included

Back 4

peasants, merchants, and artisans

Front 5

Peasants made up the overwhelming mass of the third estate except in

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Flanders and northern Italy

Front 6

By 1500, poor city-dwellers constituted ___ percent of the urban population

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30-40

Front 7

Which of the following was not a result of the development of printing in Europe?
•More people began to read.
•Chinese influence over European affairs rose sharply because of their invention of paper.
•Standard textbooks were developed.
•Research and learning increased.
•It played a major role in the Protestant Reformation.

Back 7

Chinese influence over European affairs rose sharply because of their invention of paper

Front 8

The most influential Christian humanist, who popularized the reform program of Christian
humanism, was

Back 8

Desiderius Erasmus

Front 9

The individual who “laid the egg that Luther hatched” was

Back 9

Erasmus

Front 10

Among the complaints of religious Europeans around 1500 was

Back 10

the belief that the clergy were too interested in financial matters and disinterested in religion

Front 11

Which of the following was not a position taken by Martin Luther?
•The purchase of indulgences would not lead to salvation
•The German princes should establish a reformed German church
•Reading the Bible is important
•Acts of good work are the sole source of salvation
•Salvation would be achieved through faith

Back 11

Acts of good work are the sole source of salvation

Front 12

Luther’s reforms included all of the following except
•a married Protestant clergy.
•salvation by faith
•clerical celibacy
•new religious services, including Bible reading and preaching
•national church in Germany

Back 12

clerical celibacy

Front 13

As a result of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg,

Back 13

Lutheranism became established as an alternative to Roman Catholicism in the Germanies

Front 14

The Institutes of the Christian Religion, a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought, was written by

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John Calvin

Front 15

The city most associated with Calvin is

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Geneva

Front 16

John Calvin

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advanced the doctrine of predestination

Front 17

An important reason why Henry VIII broke with the Roman church was because

Back 17

he could not get Rome’s permission to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon

Front 18

After Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled by the Archbishop of Canterbury,

Back 18

Parliament finalized England’s religious break with Rome by passing the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the head of the Anglican Church

Front 19

After the death of Henry VIII, England

Back 19

became more Protestant under Edward VI

Front 20

Which of the following is not an accurate reference to Anabaptist ideas and practices?
•They considered all believers to be equal
•They saw government as a direct partner with religion in society
•Other Protestants and Catholics agreed on their persecution
•They believed in adult baptism
•They were a radical group of religious reformers

Back 20

They saw government as a direct partner with religion in society

Front 21

Which of the following are correct statements about life in Protestant Europe in the 1500s and 1600s?
•England’s Henry VIII established the Lutheran Church in his kingdom
•Differences with Catholics were always resolved peacefully
•Women were given equal political rights with men
•Ministers were allowed to get married and have families
•Clergy were required to remain celibate

Back 21

Ministers were allowed to get married and have families

Front 22

All of the following statements are correct except
•love was the major reason for marriage
•the husband was to be the ruler and the wife was to obey
•in the early modern period the family was the heart of the social order
•in Europe, as in China, most marriages were arranged by the parents
•in addition to obeying her husband, the wife’s other role was to bear children

Back 22

love was the major reason for marriage

Front 23

All except which of the following would characterize the Jesuit order?
•It was committed to using education to restore Catholicism in Europe
•It was responsible for the restoration of Catholicism in areas of Germany and eastern Europe
•It arranged a theological compromise with the Protestants
•It was first led by a Spanish nobleman
•It owed absolute obedience to the pope

Back 23

It arranged a theological compromise with the Protestants

Front 24

The pope who began the reformation of the papacy was

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Paul III

Front 25

The Council of Trent took the position that

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faith and good works were required for salvation

Front 26

The Edict of Nantes

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legitimized Calvinist worship and permitted Calvinists to engage in politics in France

Front 27

The “most Catholic king” and the ruler who sparked a civil war in the Netherlands was

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Philip II

Front 28

Queen Elizabeth I

Back 28

successfully survived the Spanish armada

Front 29

Among the major elements underlying the Social Crisis of the 1600s was

Back 29

that the Mediterranean area entered a steep economic decline as silver imports from Spanish colonies declined

Front 30

All of the following were true about the witchcraft craze in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries except
•most of those accused of being witches were female
•the hysteria surrounding the accusations of witchcraft led to many witch trials
•the unsettling nature of the times served to feed the frenzy over witchcraft allegations
•the witchcraft hysteria was declining by the mid 1600s
•it was exclusively a big city phenomenon

Back 30

it was exclusively a big city phenomenon

Front 31

Advocates of “mercantilism” argued for all of the following except
•tariffs should be place on foreign goods
•governments should abstain from any involvement in the economy
•a nation prosperity depended upon a plentiful supply of bullion (gold and silver)
•exports must exceed imports
•governments should improve transportation facilities and grant trade monopolies to businesses

Back 31

governments should abstain from any involvement in the economy

Front 32

The Thirty Years’ War

Back 32

was ended by the signing of the Peace of Westphalia

Front 33

The European ruler who developed the first standing army of conscripts, notable for the flexibility of its tactics, was

Back 33

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Front 34

The traditional example of seventeenth century absolutism has been the rule of

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Louis XIV

Front 35

All of the following aided in the development of French absolutism except
•putting down rebellious challenges to royal rule
•Louis XIV’s removal of the royal princes from the royal council
•the king’s ability to rule directly over the internal administration of the kingdom
•the concentration of central policy making at Versailles
•royal policies effectively weakening the Huguenots and the French nobles

Back 35

the king’s ability to rule directly over the internal administration of the kingdom

Front 36

The legacy Louis XIV left to France was

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a nation that was financially destitute

Front 37

After the Turks were defeated in 1687 all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia came under Habsburg rule, thus establishing in southeastern Europe the

Back 37

Austrian Empire

Front 38

The first Russian ruler who took the title of tsar, who expanded the territories of Russia to the east, and who crushed the power of the nobility was

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Ivan IV

Front 39

All of the following were policies of Peter the Great except
•state domination of the Russian Orthodox church
•isolating Russia from the ways and customs of western Europe
•an effort to modernize Russia
•strengthening of the power of the tsar
•the majority of governmental expenditures were for military purposes

Back 39

isolating Russia from the ways and customs of western Europe

Front 40

James I alienated England’s Parliament because of his advocacy of

Back 40

divine right of kings

Front 41

Puritans were all of the following except that
•they admired the Catholic elements in the Church of England
•they frequently disagreed with the Stuart kings
•much of England’s gentry were Puritans
•they were Protestant Christians
•they wanted to reform the Anglican church

Back 41

they admired the Catholic elements in the Church of England

Front 42

The only military genius of the English Civil War was

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Oliver Cromwell

Front 43

In England, during the period of the 1640s to 1660, all of the following occurred except
•Oliver Cromwell led his New Model Army to victory over the forces of the king
•Charles II replaced his executed father on the English throne
•after the death of Charles I, Cromwell became the new king of England
•Charles I was executed.
•Charles I antagonized the Puritans in Parliament

Back 43

Charles II replaced his executed father on the English throne

Front 44

The spark that began the Glorious Revolution was the

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birth of a son to James II

Front 45

As a result of the Glorious Revolution in England

Back 45

Parliament became a major participant in the running of the English government

Front 46

a result of the Glorious Revolution, England became a

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constitutional monarchy

Front 47

The Baroque painting style was especially evident in the works of

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Peter Paul Rubens

Front 48

The greatest figure of the Baroque was the architect and sculptor

Back 48

Bernini

Front 49

Baroque artists sought to harmonize the

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ideals of Renaissance art with spiritual feelings of the religious reformations

Front 50

The golden age of English literature is represented by

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Shakespeare

Front 51

The Ptolemaic view of the universe believed all of the following to be true except
•heavenly bodies, composed of a crystalline substance, resided in concentric spheres that moved in circular orbits around the earth
•God and all the saved souls resided in the Empyrean Heaven that lay beyond the outermost, or tenth, sphere
•God and the saved souls were at one end of the universe and humans at the center
•the planets were believed to be imperfect and material
•the imperfect, motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the universe

Back 51

the planets were believed to be imperfect and material

Front 52

A discovery made by Galileo was the

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similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth

Front 53

The Catholic Church condemned the theories of Copernicus and Galileo because they

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threatened the Scriptures, as the heavens were no longer a spiritual world but a world of matter

Front 54

Newton’s Principia

Back 54

supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo

Front 55

All of the following were relevant to Newton’s discoveries except
•his theories had no spiritual ramifications
•Einsteinian relativity eventually came to superseded Newtonian mechanism
•they created a new cosmology.
•they presented a basically mechanical explanation of things
•universal motion could be mathematically explained

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his theories had no spiritual ramifications

Front 56

Cartesian dualism

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viewed mind and matter as two distinct and separate entities

Front 57

Rene Descartes

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claimed that “I think, therefore I am.”

Front 58

Which of the following was not one of the positive buzzwords of the Enlightenment?
•reason
•natural law
•hope
•divine revelation
•progress

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divine revelation

Front 59

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the

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of the scientific method to foster progress toward a “better” society

Front 60

The philosophes generally included all of the following except
•the urban middle classes
•social reformers
•journalists
•the rural lower classes
•professors

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the rural lower classes

Front 61

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the writer who said each of us is born with a tabula rasa was

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John Locke

Front 62

Which of the following statements would John Locke find acceptable?
•Some of us are born bad
•A positive environment will create positive results
•Everything that we are is in our genes
•Faith, not reason, determines what we know
•Original sin places limits on individual aspirations

Back 62

A positive environment will create positive results

Front 63

The philosophe who praised the checks and balances of the British constitution was

Back 63

Montesquieu

Front 64

The most active opponent of religious intolerance and the most outspoken anti-Christians among the philosophes were

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Voltaire and Diderot

Front 65

Enlightenment advocates of economic liberalism

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believed that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest

Front 66

The best statement of laissez-faire as providing the foundation for economic liberalism was made in 1776 by

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Adam Smith

Front 67

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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argued that, in accord with the “general will,” people could be “forced to be free.”

Front 68

Which of the following descriptions best depicts the Rococo style?
•emphasis on largeness and majesty
•a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action
•a rejection of the effort to seek love, joy, and pleasure in favor of religious imagery
•stress on formal order
•the profuse use of strict geometric patterns

Back 68

a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action

Front 69

Lyrical Rococo depictions of aristocratic life were expressed in the work of

Back 69

Antoine Watteau

Front 70

All of the following were true about European population and food supplies except
•food production increased in Europe during the eighteenth century
•the introduction of the potato and maize provided a much needed staple foods
•the New World was a source of new vegetables for Europe
•as the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined
•food supplies decreased while food prices rose sharply in France in 1789

Back 70

as the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined

Front 71

The most important product of European industry in the eighteenth century was

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textiles

Front 72

The system that came to be known as the “cottage industry” involved all except
•country laborers producing yarn and cloth
•the selling of finished products by an entrepreneur
•peasants grew cotton on their farms and sold the raw material to entrepreneurs
•the purchase, by an entrepreneur, of the raw materials needed for textile production
• it was also known as the “putting-out” system

Back 72

peasants grew cotton on their farms and sold the raw material to entrepreneurs

Front 73

Which of the following was not an element in eighteenth century global trade?
•American plantation products were purchased by the nations of Europe
•English manufactured goods were traded for African slaves, who were sold in Virginia for tobacco, which was then processed in England and sold for cash in Germany
•Overseas trade boomed
•Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain
•Indian and Chinese products were purchased by the English, Dutch, and French

Back 73

Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain

Front 74

Outside of Europe, the major scenes of battle in the Seven Years War were

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India and North America

Front 75

In eighteenth century Europe

Back 75

nobles constituted approximately two or three percent of the population

Front 76

In Latin America, the offspring of Africans and whites and of Europeans and natives were called, respectively,

Back 76

mulattoes and mestizos

Front 77

Over the long period, the resource that proved most profitable in Latin America was

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agriculture

Front 78

In line with mercantilist theory,

Back 78

American colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and markets by Europeans

Front 79

Which of the following statements is an accurate depiction of the nature of the British Parliament in the latter half of the eighteenth century?
•It shared power with the king, gradually gaining the upper hand
•Uniquely, women could become Members of Parliament
•It failed to meet between 1753 and 1792
•It was primarily composed of civil libertarians who advocated individual rights
•Its role was primarily that of a rubber stamp for the king

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shared power with the king, gradually gaining the upper hand

Front 80

The formal event which led to the break between the American colonies and England was the

Back 80

confrontation over the Stamp Act

Front 81

In the American Revolution, the rebels

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received the support of a number of European countries

Front 82

Britain decided to end its war against the Americans after a combined American and French force defeated General Cornwallis at

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Yorktown

Front 83

The new United States Constitution of 1787

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employed Montesquieu’s conception of the separation of powers

Front 84

Enlightened Absolutism

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was based more on practical measures to strengthen the power of the state than to “reform” and free their populations

Front 85

The eighteenth century ruler who called himself/herself “the first servant of the state” was

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Frederick II of Prussia

Front 86

The Austrian ruler whose reform program abolished serfdom, eliminated internal trade barriers, and instituted a new penal code, among other things, was

Back 86

Joseph II

Front 87

The Russian monarch whose policies favored the landed nobility, at the expense of the serfs, was

Back 87

Catherine the Great

Front 88

Enlightened Despotism

Back 88

demonstrated much more despotism than enlightenment in Russia

Front 89

On the eve of the French Revolution, all of the following are correct except
•the nobles and clergy in France were effectively untaxed, even as the French treasury neared bankruptcy and millions were hungry
•the bourgeoisie comprised about eight percent of the population
•the peasants were enthusiastic for revolutionary change
•monarchy was the norm for European governments
•the hereditary aristocracy was still the most powerful class in European society

Back 89

the peasants were enthusiastic for revolutionary change

Front 90

The Estates General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the

Back 90

near bankruptcy of the French Treasury

Front 91

The illegal event that constituted the start of the French Revolution was the

Back 91

action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a National Assembly

Front 92

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding developments in the French Revolution prior to September 1792?
•Louis XVI destroyed his public standing by attempting to flee
•Warfare broke out between France and Austria
•Louis XVI was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary events
•The fall of the Bastille weakened the government
•The National Assembly created a basic declaration of liberties, and a new constitution to establish a limited monarchy

Back 92

Louis XVI was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary events

Front 93

The Committee of Public Safety was established to

Back 93

combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion

Front 94

The French Revolution

Back 94

created a “nation in arms” and an army of 650,000

Front 95

The military forces raised by the French revolutionary government was

Back 95

a true army of the people, whose intensity was the beginning of the concept of total war

Front 96

Which of the following was not an immediate result of the fall of Robespierre?
•A new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory
•Napoleon was elected President of France
•The Reign of Terror ended
•Moderate forces came to control the Revolution
•A period of stagnation and corruption ensued

Back 96

Napoleon was elected President of France

Front 97

Napoleon gained control of the executive authority of the French government by

Back 97

seizing power in a coup d’etat

Front 98

The most ironic aspect of Napoleon’s career or rule in France was that

Back 98

it was more autocratic than that of Louis XVI, which had initially sparked the Revolution

Front 99

Which of the following was not achieved during the regime of Napoleon?
•The laws of France were codified in the Civil Code
•A powerful, centralized bureaucracy was established
•A Concordat was arranged with the pope
•All divorces were outlawed
•The legal position of women was weakened with the activation of the Civil Code

Back 99

All divorces were outlawed

Front 100

What was the correct order regarding Napoleon?

Back 100

Italy, Russia, Elba, Waterloo, Saint Helena