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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Averroes |
(d. 1198) claimed that reason was compatiblewith revelation and religion. He was born in Cordoba, as a Muslim. He is bestknown for taking a part in the reason vs. religion/revelation debate. Heresorted to the works of Aristotle. His works were known in the west, but hedidn’t have access to the works of Aristotle, which were preserved in the East.The East had access to these works that translated from Greek to Arabic. |
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Maimonides |
(d. 1204) taking part in the same debate asAverroes, but claimed the same for Judaism. Both Maimonides and Averroesreceived a lot of flack at the time for these beliefs |
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St. Thomas |
influenced by Averroes and Maimonides. He was ascholar that came about a century after them. He had translated works ofAverroes and defended the beliefs, saying that reason and faith were compatible |
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Al-Khwarizmi |
(d. 850) responsible for the term algorithm,which means the numbering (i.e. numbers, their cases and the zero). Algebra washis second field of work. Later influence of Copernicus |
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Antijudaism |
Christian in origin. Religious motivations. TheChristians needs to differentiate Christianity from Judaism, the Christianblamed Jews for the death of Jesus and therefore (deicide) the “Murder of God.” Christianity not only needed to bedifferent but need to be better. There were also economic motivations.Transformations in late medieval Europe, greater economic complexity. The roleof Jews in financial activities (money lending, tax collecting…). Jews were onaverage more literate than the Christians. They were barred from otheractivities and owning property. There was a lot of slander and falseaccusation, ritual profanation and crimes, poisoning, witchcraft, conspiracies. |
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Pogrom |
the pogrom of 1391. Ferran Martinez.Consequences. Violence in Sevilla spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula.Pogrom comes from Russian “po” and “grom” – complete destruction. Refers toassaults in the Jewish quarters – incorporated into European languages becauseit happened enough. Violent assault on Jews |
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Converso |
There was a lot of growing hostility since1200s. Council IV of Letran (1215-1216): special clothes, badges, barred frompublic office; and conversos may no return to their old faith. |
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Boabdil |
Last Muslim ruler of theIberian Peninsula (Granada) in 1492. Handed keys of the city to the nextChristian leader. |
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Heresy |
main common concern was heresy (initially fromconversos, witchraft, immoral behavior, later on also from moriscos,Lutherans). Different opinions from Christianity, challenging official Churchdoctrine. Only possible within the Church. Only Christians can be heretics(Jews and Muslims were something else). Conversos converted to Christianity(even if it was 2 generations ago). Bigamy was also considered heretical.Sodomy (homosexuals) also considered heretical. To fight heresy the HolyInquisition, or Holy Office was created. Considering its role in censorship,key concept: auto de fe. Needed Pope for permission for Inquisition || fromreading: From Latin inquisition,“investigate”, “inquire”. Ecclesiastical (church-related) tribunal,administrating Church laws. Role: to fight heresy. Thus, with jurisdiction onlyover Christians. Medieval Inquisitions (1200s-) vs. Spanish or new Inquisition(1480s-1830s). |
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Catharism |
Pope Gregory IX decidedto eradicate Catharism. A heresy which called for the return to the modestorigins of Christianity, take the Church to the poor. Attack against churchleadership, they were wealthy and influential, Cathars challenged that. Catharshad their own priests, not approved by the Church. To end that, the Popedeclared the Albigensian Crusade (1229), established the Tribunal of the HolyInquisition, also as an instrument against heresy (in S. France, N. Italy;later also in Aragon and Navarre). |
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Holy Office
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Created for the inquisition. There were foursteps to the inquisition, and the Holy Office was a part of the first step.Started with the compilation of information, after denouncing (could beanonymous) or suspicion. Incommunicado detention and confiscation ofproperties. Search for testimonies and evidence for as long as it took, even ifthey weren’t found guilty, it could be a tremendous problem for the family(took the breadwinner/money maker from the house, no source of income). Torturecould be used to compile information, as in other courts of law at the time. Adoctor would be present to make sure the person didn’t die, just tortured.Blood could not be spilled. At this stage (and the following) took place at theHoly Office (in Sevilla: Castillo de San Jorge |
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Auto de Fe |
public reading ofsentences. Reconciliation and relajado. In Sevilla, these were generally atPlaza de San Francisco. Ends the task of the Holy Office |
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Jesuit Order
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Special obedience, the “Pope’s army.” Militarybackground of its founder “soldiers of God.” Willingness to accept orders andto live in extreme conditions. Education. Role in counter-reformation, Trent.Suppression in the 1700s. Council Vatican II. Pro-reform, pro-changes in thechurchthey we |
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Mysticism |
Idea of unorthodox approach to religion. Example:St. Theresa. Mystical schools that propose an alternative, often more personalapproach to faith. Rituals, dances, songs, music, a very personal approach.Often considered problematic by religious leaders and carefully watched |
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Mudejar |
a Muslim during the Christian reconquest. Situationof mudejars à transition to Moriscos (1502-1526). Lastmudejars were of Granada. Mudejars of Granada revolted in protests, they weredefeated, soon after forced a Muslim during the Christian reconquest. Situationof mudejars à transition to Moriscos (1502-1526). Lastmudejars were of Granada. Mudejars of Granada revolted in protests, they weredefeated, soon after forced to convert (not forced to leave, perhaps themonarch learned that people would leave if given the option).to convert (notforced to leave, perhaps the monarch learned that people would leave if giventhe option) |
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Morisco |
Muslims forced to convert to Christianity(1500s). Rebellion in the Alpujarras, deportation |
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Jansenists |
“enlightened Catholics” who advocated for churchreform. Tried to eradicate superstition. They were a minority. Inspired byFather Jansen from the Czech Republic and embraced some Protestant beliefswhich was problematic. Had moderate influence in Spain in the 1700s but wasalways thought of as suspicious by church leaders. Attempts to change and renewthe Spanish church in the 1700s |
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Old Regime |
French Revolution (1789-1799), beginning of theend for the Old Regime. Under Fernando VII (1808-1833) was the crisis of theOld Regime in Spain. The structures prevailing in Europe, with few changes,since the Middle Ages: 1) absolute monarchy based on divine right. 2)hierarchal and rigid society of Three Orders or Estates, aristocracy, laborersand clergy. 3) rigid economy: entitled land, guilds, royal monopolies, etc.land from church could not be sold or bought, so they could not lose the land.Guilds: old time unions, some differences. Guilds were people of a certaincraft that would come together to control that certain activity – controlledprice/quality/conditions |
