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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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After World War II, Joseph Stalin's primary goal was to
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have governments friendly to the Soviet Union on its borders in Eastern Europe
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For the Soviet Union, World War II
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meant the loss of more than twenty million citizens and weakened agricultural and industrial sectors.
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The first instance of Soviet expansionism after World War UU came
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in Eastern Europe.
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The Allies divided Germany in 1946
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because they could not agree on the country's future.
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The author of a 1946 rationale for a hard-line U.S foreign policy of containment was
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career diplomat George F. Kennan
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The U.S. government's policy of containment was first implemented when President Truman asked Congress to send military and economic missions and $400 million in aid to
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Greece and Turkey
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The Marshall Plan
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provided funds to European countries so that they could buy the raw materials, capital goods, and technology needed to reconstruct their economies
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President Truman responded to the Soviet blockaed of West Berlin in 1948 and 1949 by
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airlifting more than two million tons of goods to West Berliners
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In 1949, President Truman approved the development of a hydrogen bomb because
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the United States had confirmed that the Soviets had detonated an atomic bomb
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In response to the Soviet blockade of Berlin, the United States agreed to join Canada and Western European countries in a peacetime military alliance called the
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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The flight of the Chinese nationalists from China in 1949
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led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China
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The united States responded to the fall of the Nationalist government in China by
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sending aid to the Nationalists in Taiwan
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The Israeli declaration of statehood
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was quickly supported by the Truman adminstration
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The GI Bill helped boost the U.S. economy after World War II by giving veterans
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job training, education, and low-interest home loans
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The leading crusader against communism after World War II was
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Joseph R. McCarthy
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The event that triggered U.S. military action in Korea in 1950 was
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the invasion of South Korea by troops from Communist North Korea
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Dwight D. Eisenhower's campaign for the presidency in 1952 focused on
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the threat of communism and the need to win decisively in Korea
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Harry Truman won the presidential election of 1948 because
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of his campaigning skills, the popularity of New Deal reform, and the booming economy
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The official occupation of Japan after World War II ended
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with the United States and Japan signing a peace treaty and a mutual security pact in September 1951
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With the collapse of the Nationalist government in China, the
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focus of U.S. foreign policy shifted to Japan
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President Eisenhower's most important and far-reaching domestic initiative was
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the Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956
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President Eisenhower believed that the development of nuclear power for domestic purposes
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should be left in the hands of private enterprise
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As the first Republican to serve as president after the New Deal, Dwight D. Eisenhower can be credited with
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leaving the size and functions of the federal government
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Secretary of State John Foster Dulles supported
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Going "to the brink" of war to halt the Soviets' efforts to extend their territory
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According to President Eisenhower, communism in Vietnam was
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a force that had to be stopped before it spread to Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines
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Between 1955 and 1961, the United States spent $800 million in South Vietnam, most of it to
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fund the South Vietnamese army
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In the 1950s, the CIA intervened in the internal affairs of
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Iran, Guatemala, and Cuba
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The Eisenhower Doctrine supported
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U.S. economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern nation "requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism"
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The United States reacted to the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik in 1957
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with a feeling of inferiority about U.S scientific and technological development
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Between 1940 and 1960, the output of farms in the United States increased, and the number of farmworkers
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decreased by nearly one-third
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Most American women who were employed in the 1950s worked in
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clerical, service, and domestic jobs
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Many Americans moved to the Sun Belt in the 1950s because
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the advent of air-conditioning made it possible to live and work int he region more comfortably
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Between 1950 and 1960, the percentage of American families with television sets grew from less than 10 percent to
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almost 90 percent
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Television programming in the 1950s in the United States
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was financed by sponsors who primary concern was selling their products
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The most important changes in civil rights in the 1950s were instigated by
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ordinary African Americans
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The Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned the doctrine of
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separate but equal established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s differed from earlier efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination in that
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it involved masses of people who used passive resistance to bring about change
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The Montgomery, Alabama, police arrested Rosa Parks on December 1, 1955, because she refused to
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give up her seat on the bus to a white man
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The outcome of the Montgomery bus boycott of 1956 was
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a Supreme Court decision declaring that Alabama's state and local laws requiring segregation on buses were unconstitutional
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Rock and roll challenged American social and cultural norms because it
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was sexually suggestive
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In the summer of 1963, President Kennedy asked his aides to plan an attack on proverty and called for the passage of a comprehensive civil rights bill. He was unable to achieve those goals because
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he was assassinated that November
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According to the Warren Commission,
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both Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby had acted alone
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President Lyndon Baines Johnson came to the White House
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with enormous skill in persuading and threatening legislators
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In the presidential election of 1964,
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Lyndon Johnson was elected president in a record-breaking landslide
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The Medicare program provided
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universal hospital insurance for the elderly
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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
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initially organized peaceful demonstrations of civil disobedience
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In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality organized Freedom Rides to
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integrate interstate transportation in the South
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The civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963
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ended with the police attacking the demonstrators
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At a massive civil rights demonstration in the nation's capital in August 1963,
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Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I have a dream" speech
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The Mississippi Freedom Summer Project of 1964
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put northern college students to work helping blacks register to vote
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By 1966, the civil rights movement in the United States
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was no longer committed to nonviolence
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In the early 1960s, the Nation of Islam was
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calling for black nationalism and separatism
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By 1966, the principles espoused by Malcolm X had given rise to the
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black power movement
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Stokely Carmichael, the radical chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee,
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called for the separation of blacks and whites and for blacks to form their own political organizations
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Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968, while
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supporting a municipal garbage workers' strike in Memphis
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In 1964, students at the University of California, Berkeley, held a large-scale protest in support of
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free speech
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The U.S. president who created the Environmental Protection Agency was
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Richard M. Nixon
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In 1966, feminists led by Betty Friedan and others founded
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the National Organization for Women
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One example of the sweeping change forged by feminists in the 1960s and 1970s was
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passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972
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Phyllis Schlafly is most closely associated with
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the conservative challenge to feminism in the 1970s
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President Kennedy criticized the Eisenhower administration's foreign policy for
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limiting defense spending and relying too heavily on nuclear weapons
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The objective of the Bay of Pigs invasion was to
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oust the government of Cuban nationalist Fidel Castro
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The Bay of Pigs invasion was
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an unmitigated disaster
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In 1961, East Germany erected a wall between East and West Berlin to
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stop the mass exodus of East Germans to West Berlin
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The Peace Corps was launched by the Kennedy administration in 1961 to
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work directly with the people in third world countries
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The thirteen-day Cuban missile crisis of 1962
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brought the world's two superpowers perilously close to nuclear war
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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized the
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president to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression"
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The initiation of the Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965 was on sign that
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the war in Vietnam had become America's war
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Of the more than 7,500 American women who served in the Vietnam War,
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most served as nurses
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The first major protest in the United States against the Vietnam War was organized in 1965 by
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Students for a Democratic Society
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One of the practical reasons for protesting the Vietnam War was the belief that
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the war could not be won
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During the Vietnam War, America's hawks
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called for the nation to apply more force and win the war
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During the Tet Offensive of January 1968,
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key cities and every major American base in South Vietnam were attacked by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces
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The Vietnamization of the Vietnam War in 1968 meant that the United States
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now hoped to achieve its objective of a non-Communist South Vietnam by relying more heavily on the South Vietnamese
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Shortly after peace negotiations for the war in Southeast Asia began in Paris in May 1968,
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Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assissinated
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In 1968, Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin
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instigated a violent demonstration during the Democratic National Convention in Chicago
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The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty became effective under the presidency of
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Richard M. Nixon
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Arab nations launched an oil embargo against the United States in 1973 in response to the Nixon administration's
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support for Israel following the Yom Kippur War
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President Nixon's most important advisor on Vietnam and the Soviet Union was
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Henry A. Kissinger
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In 1982, Vietnam veterans finally received a measure of public respect for their service when
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the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C.
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Some of the most vigorous support for the growing grassroots conservative movement of the 1970s emerged among
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middle-class suburban men and women in the South and West
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President Nixon saw Chief Justice Earl Warren's resignation in 1969 as an opportunity to put a
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more conservative justice on the Court
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One foreign policy initiative that strengthened President Nixon's prospects for reelection in 1972 was
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opening relations with China
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The event that triggered the Watergate scandal was
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the discovery that Nixon campaign workers and broken into and bugged Democratic Party headquarters in Washington, D.C.
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Following the 1972 election, Americans learned that President Nixon and his associates had been guilty of
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using unlawful means to silence critics of the Vietnam War
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The House of Judiciary Committee voted to charge President Nixon with all of the following as grounds for impeachment except
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tax evasion
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After resigning from office in August 1974, Richard Nixon
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was pardoned by President Ford
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What most helped Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1978 was his
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outsider status
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In 1977, the United States and Panama completed treaties that provided for
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Panama's takeover of the canal in 2000
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President Carter's most important success in mediating the political crises in the Middle East came when he
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convinced Egypt to recognize Israel and Israel to gradually withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula
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In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, President Carter did all of the following except
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ask the United Nations to expel the Soviet Union from the Security Council
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In retribution for President Carter's granting to asylum to the ailing shah of Iran in 1979, an angry crowd broke into the U.S. embassy in Teheran and took more than sixty American hostages. The hostages were held
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until the day President Carter left office
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Before winning the presidency in 1980, Ronald Reagan had been
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an actor and then the governor of California
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A significant part of Ronald Reagan's appeal to voters was his
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promise to take government off the backs of the people
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President Reagan's initial strategy to fix the lagging U.S. economy involved
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introducing a massive tax cut
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Walter Mondale's running mate in the presidential election of 1984 was
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Geraldine A. Ferraro
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Ronald Reagan's appointments to the federal court system tended to favor
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a strict construction of the Constitution and the protection of individual rights
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Ultimately, President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative
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failed
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By the time Ronald Reagon left office in 1989, the United States and the Soviet Union
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had reached their highest level of cooperation since World War II
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Ronald Reagan responded to terrorist attacks on Americans around the world by
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refusing to negotiate with the attackers
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The Americans with Disabilities Act (1991)
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required that private businesses be accessible to people with disabilities
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The two justices President George H. W. Bush appointed to the Supreme Court were
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David Souter and Clarence Thomas
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For Mikhail Gorbachev, the breakup of the Soviet Union led to his
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own downfall by the end of 1991
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Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990 because
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a debt-ridden Iraq wanted Kuwaiti oil after 10 years of war with Iran
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The organization that authorized the use of force against Iraq if it did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991, was
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The United Nations
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When they ran for office in 1992, presidential candidate Bill Clinton and his running mate, Al Gore, were
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New Democrats who wanted to rid the party of its liberal image
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Provisions that enabled workers in larger companies to take time off for the birth of adoption of a child, for the care of aging parents, and for family emergencies were elements of the
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Family and Medical Leave Act
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Early in his presidency, Bill Clinton's ambitious plan for health care reform failed because
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the health care industry refused to support it
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Congressional elections in 1994 established
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Republican majorities in the House and Senate
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In 1998, the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Clinton on the
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counts of perjury and obstruction of justice.
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One of the primary reasons that most Americans opposed the impeachment of President Clinton was that they
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separated the president's private actions from his public duties
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U.S. troops were welcomed in Haiti in 1994 after
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a military coup overthrew the government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide
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President Clinton ordered missile attacks on sites in Afghanistan in the summer of 1998 because he
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suspected they were the sites of terrorist training camps
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Globalization at the end of the twentieth century was
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facilitated by new communications technology that linked almost all parts of the world
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The target of the tens of thousands of protesters who went to Seattle in November 1999 was
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U.S policy regarding the World Trade Organization
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The fastest-growing immigrant groups in the United States at the end of the twentieth century were Latinos and
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Asians
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To stop the flow of illegal immigrants coming into the United States in the late twentieth century, Congress passed the
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Immigration Reform and Control Act
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In the presidential election of 2000, George W. Bush
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won the electoral college vote
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The 2000 presidential race between Al Gore and George W. Bush was finally decided by
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the Supreme Court
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Al Qaeda's attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, were motivated in part by the terrorists wanting to
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rid the Middle East of Western influences
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