History Final

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Verbal (intentional) world:

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This when you learn about the past throughsomeone else’s words. This is significant because we are learning through thepast by someone else’s words, since we are not experiencing it first hand.Also, it’s significant because we are learning these words from historicauthors.

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Abstraction Ladder:

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There are many different ways you can abstractmeanings and the more abstract you get, the more difficult to define to use thewords that were used in the past. It is significant because you have to beaware when abstracting because high-level abstractions have different meaningsand different times.

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Hellenic Era:

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Classical Athens, which is before Greek culturewas widespread. This is significant because it is a time period of ancientGreece

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Hellenistic Era:

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Alexander the Great’s death till the rise ofRome. The spread of Greek culture during this era established common culturethroughout Greece.

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Homeric Question:

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It tells about Greek history and the basis ofculture according To Greeks. It codified aspects of Greek Religion.

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Stock Epithet:

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Questions that occur over and over again. One ofthe reasons there are questions for who wrote the Homeric poems. Both theOdyssey and the Iliad include many stock epithets.

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Milman Parry:

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Scholar of epic poetry and studies oral poetry.He studied Homeric questions and dating ancient texts.

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Oikos:

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Economic unit for the Dark Age and signified the household and farmstead, whichwere collections of houses ruled by patriarchy.

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Persian Wars:

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They occurred at the beginning of the century (492-479). The city of Athenswas destroyed (but rebuilt). Throughcooperation the Greeks succeeded, which gave a common identity and purpose tothe Grecians. (“Greek Identity”).

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The Peloponnesian Wars:

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It occurred from 431-404. It was Athens versusSparta and involved many Greek city-states. It was the end of this year and ledto the destruction of Asthenias power.

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Great Dionysia:

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An annual festival celebrating Dionysus inAthens. Associated with religious context of drama in the Hellenistic era.

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Philoctetes:

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Heis in the Cure At Troy, where he is stuck on an island with a snakebite andHercules powerful bow. Odysseus and Neoptolemus are sent to get him to come toTroy because if he goes they are faded to win. It’s a model for approximationand transformation of culture. This shows the belief of the Greek gods/people.

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Neoptolemus:

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Key character in the Cure at Troy. He is theonly person who can trick Philoctetes well enough to get him in the boat to goto Troy. He is conflicted with honor (truth telling/personal) or the greatergood (lying for the Greeks). This is significant because it shows the differentvalues of Greek society.

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Chorus:

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About 12-15 men in the Cure at Troy. Itrepresents opinions around the actors and society.

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Deus ex Machina (god from the machine):

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Meaning to bring a good outcome or happy ending.(Simple solution). Common in Greek literature. For example, In the Cure atTroy, Hercules bow saves the days. This is significant because it shows thatthe gods can solve anything and has a lot of control/power.

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Alexander the Great:

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He came into power at 336 B.C. because hisfather was assassinated. He conquered Asia Minor, Persia and the East. Heattempted to blend the Greek and the Persians by marrying Persian Princesses toGreek elites. He created several independent kingdoms and empires by joiningthem with a common culture. He is significant because he spread Hellenisticculture and created a common culture throughout his kingdoms.

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Hellenization:

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The spread of Greek culture and language overforeign people, conquered by Greece (Alexander the Great). This is significantbecause it created a common culture.

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Library of Alexandria

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For people to come together to accessliterature. It was founded by Ptolemy Soter as a response to the threat of aliterary loss.

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Philosophy:

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It served elites and mystery religions. Itquestioned the role of the gods and brought to attention intriguing newinsights of a way of life. It was concerned with morality and knowledge.

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Atararxia (imperturbability):

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Peace of the mind. It was the Epicurean’s goalof philosophy.

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Epicureanism:

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Goal is Atararxia (peace of mind) and freedomfrom pain. They believe the gods exist, but are blissful and unconcerned withhuman affairs. They think followers should withdraw from public life and livecommunally.

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Stoicism:

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It is a philosophy in the Hellenistic period. Itconsists of morality and knowledge and the goal is to understand your placewith nature and the status quo. It is significant because it is a new way oflife and for people to question the role of gods.

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Orthodoxy:

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Generally accepted theory of doctrine. Focuseson what are the right beliefs of the gods, Jesus and the church.

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Orthopraxis:

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Proper worship of God.

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Monotheism

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Belief in one God. The Israelites weremonotheistic and it was a new way of thinking compared to the Romans, yet itwas accepted because it was ancient tradition.

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Torah:

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The main holy text of the Jews. It is the firstfive books of the bible and sets out laws and how to worship God.

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Gospel:

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4 books written by Matthew, Luke, Mark, andJohn. The best sources of the time and there was no other written sources then.It reflects oral tradition.

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Documentary Hypothesis:

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Julian Wellhausen developed it. The hypothesisis that the text (bible) is a product of complex redactions with four mainstrands (Jahwist, Elohist, Priestly, and Deuteronomist) and it explainsdifferent versions of the stories and repetitions.

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Augustine of Hippo:

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He was born to a Pagan father and a Christianmother. He devolved two divine principles of Christianity (good versus an evilGod.

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Two cities:

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Not real cities, but spiritual states defined bydistance principles of order.

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Middle Ages:

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Came after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.It is when the decentralization of power takes place. There are three orders ofthe middle ages: those who pray, those who fight, and those who work. This issignificant because it was focused on the church, new urban culture, and thetranslation movement.

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Chi Rho:

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Constantine (empire of the Roman Empire) saw the“Chi Rho” in a dream before battle, which he interpreted as a good Oman. It issignificant because it caused Constantine to convert the Roman Empire toChristianity.

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Simeon the Stylite:

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He went in the desert to sit on a column.Self-martyrdom (torturing yourself now, so when you die your in peace) was aresponse to the conversion of Christianity. This is significant because of theresponse and created a title wave response.

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Monasticism:

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Another response to the conversion of empire to Christianityand St. Benedict invented it. It laid out regulations for how to act and pray(the following of). In this response, the community all helps each other.

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Barbarian invasions:

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There were numerous invasions with lots ofviolence in the 3rd century. The borders had stations with Romanarmies to prevent the invasions. Inflation and the crumbling of the empireoccurred because of it.

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Feudal system

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A way of structuring society aroundrelationships, derived from the holding of land in exchange for service orlabor. (King, nobles, knights, and peasants).

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Manorial system:

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A system of protection for provision. The lordprotects the villagers, while the villagers supply the agriculture. This issignificant because it is the lowest block within the pyramid of the feudalsystem.

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Three estates:

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The clergy (pray), the nobility (fight), and thecommoners (work). It is adecentralization of power.

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Dante Alighieri:

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He is an author, poet, and character in his ownbook, the Inferno. He makes apilgrimage to hell with his guide, Virgil. He is significant because his workinspired many artists and had a very influential way of thinking (going intohell with highly placed people).

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Fortune (Dante):

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Gods grand scheme and the purpose is the worldof impermanent. He visualizes it as the wheel of fortune. This is significantbecause he took Greek figures into the Christian worldview.

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Regular clergy:

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Took religious vows to promise they would workfor the church. (Versus the secular did not). Consisted of nuns, and monks whowere under rule of aviate. Lived accordingly to rules and guidelines.

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University (origins):

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Developed out of Cathedral schools and consistedof men and the association of the church. (Latin). These men were able to get adegree in arts (logic and philosophy), medicine, law and theology. It wastaught through lectures and disputations. This is significant because teachingwas more important and was institutionalized of what we still have today(continued).

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Sacraments:

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The seven sacraments and the way God mediated.It involved around the lifecycle and annual cycle of sin, penance and grace.The significance is that it made church essential because only the priests andbishops could preform these rights.

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The renaissance:

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(“rebirth” of letters and arts). It was acultural movement. Components were deeply Christian, but somewhat resembledPagan Culture. Developed of urban lay culture and key aspects were sense ofdistance from Greek Roman past, the idealization of antiquity, the use ofancient models, and the rejection of medieval barbarism in language and arts.This is significant because it was rebirth/cultural movement after the medievalperiod.

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Studia humanitatiss (humanities):

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General education in grammar, rhetoric, poetry,history and ethics (moral philosophy). The humanistic outlooks ideal of awell-rounded individual would have this education.

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Desiderius Erasmus:

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The author of the Praise of Folly. His projectrestored classical eloquence, restored Christian antiquity, promoted acommunity if like-mined intellectuals, and used pagan antiquity forChristianity. He pointed out the flaws of the church that led to thereformations.

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Praise of Folly

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Written by Erasmus and criticizes the church andcalls for reformation.

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Mythopoeic thinking:

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Metaphorical, synthetic, allegorical, poetic andaffirming. This is significant because it relates how to read praise of folly

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St. Jerome:

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Erasmus’s hero whom he writes a letter to in hisbook. He is a cardinal of the church (c. 240-420) and is eloquent, virtuous,and scholarly, but not pedantic. He is significant because he impactedErasmus’s view.

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Philosophy of Christ:

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It is the scripture, which is correctly translated.The Christian belief seems mad in the eyes of the world (praise of folly).However Christ, the only divine philosopher, stated his ideas in a way couldunderstand (scripture). This is significant because it was neglected andworldly philosophy is pursued instead.

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Reformation:

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The consequences shattered unity of westernChristendom. There were political and religious turmoil; absolutism emerges inresponse to religious strife and state associates with religion. There wereprotestant divisions and the results were Lutherans, reformed Christianity andthe radical/separatist sect.

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Indulgences:

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Prayers people could buy for themselves orfamily, so that they could go to heaven. This is the worst abuse of the churchaccording to Luther. This is significance because it is one of the reasonsreformation was called for.

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Justification by faith

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Faith is required and marks a true Christian(Luther’s paradox). Faith brings freedom, unites soul with Christ, and all whoare truly faithful are priests. This is significant because it is the basis ofLuther’s paradox and beliefs of what a true Christian should be/church shouldbe like.

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Commandments and promises:

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(Luther). Commandments are negative, showingthat people are unable to do good. Promises of God fulfill what thecommandments cannot.

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Priesthood of believers:

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All who are truly faithful are priests. Thechurch has to take a different role, which is preaching the true word of God.This is significant because this will help start the reformation of the church.

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Antinomianism:

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Idea that the law does not bind one. This issignificant because it is part of the reformation and Luther’s idea that goodworks don’t provide faith.

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Good works:

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True good works is done by faith. Good workscannot provide you with faith, but true good works are motivated by faith. Thisis significant because this is Luther’s theology of the outer man.