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85 Cards in this Set
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Chapter 12 - The Civilization of the Renaissance What does the word "renaissance" mean? |
Rebirth |
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Chapter 12 - The Civilization of the Renaissance In what three ways does Renaissance knowledge of the classics differ from the Middle Ages? |
-Medieval scholars knew Roman authors like Virgil, Ovid, & Cicero. Renaissance knew literature from Ancient Greece and Byzantium. They also knew Plato and Greek language. -Knew more Classical Texts. Patterned their civilization after Greece. -Renaissance Culture was more materialistic and worldly. |
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Chapter 12 - The Civilization of the Renaissance By the 15th century what characteristics can be seen in Italian Renaissance painting? |
Linear perspective as well as Light and Shading used to accent human anatomy and proportion the body. |
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Chapter 12 - The Civilization of the Renaissance In what respects was the Renaissance significant or important in the history of Western Civilization? |
-The Renaissance brought a more secular view of the world. Individual worth became important. -Intellectuals were convinced that the conclusions reached by men like Plato and Aristotle were compatible with Christianity. -Many Renaissance humanists shared an optimistic view of human nature. Man was not deprived by the sins of Adam & eve. Intellectual pursuits could raise moral conduct and the attainment of virtue. |
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Chapter 12 - The Civilization of the Renaissance Who was Leonardo da Vinci? |
- (1452-1519) Perhaps the greatest of all Florentine artists, architects, musicians, mathematicians, engineers, and inventors. - Commissioned by Lorenzo Medici. - Among his greatest works were: "Virgin on the Rocks", "The Last Supper", "The Mona Lisa", and "Ginevra de Benci" |
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Chapter 13 - Reformation Begins Why did Germans from different social classes rally behind Luther when he broke away from the Catholic religion? |
-German peasants followed Luther because they believed that Protestantism would free them from their obligation to their landlords. - People from all classes generally believed that Protestantism would lead to more Independence financially and politically. |
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Chapter 13 - Reformation Begins Why did so many German princes and towns embrace the new Protestant religion begun by Martin Luther? |
Townspeople and princes believed that embracing Protestantism would allow for greater political and religious independence. German nationalists thought that Protestantism would lead to greater independence from the Pope. |
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Chapter 13 - Reformation Begins Why was it politically and economically advantageous for the German princes, towns, and cities to support Luther's Protestant Reformation? |
-Protestant princes could consolidate and strengthen their authority by naming pastors, refusing to pay taxes and fees to Rome, and curtailing the jurisdiction of church courts.
- Town councils and guild masters who adopted Protestantism could now gain political control at the expense of Catholic bishops and local aristocrats. Towns and cities added to their wealth by seizing control of Catholic monasteries and convents. |
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Chapter 13 - Reformation Begins How did Protestantism give new emphasis to the family as "a school of godliness?" |
The father was expected to take on the responsibility of instructing and disciplining his family on Protestant values. It also introduced a new religious idea for women. The wife became a symbol of goodness. |
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Chapter 13 - Reformation Begins How did Protestantism influence parental control over the marriage of their children? |
Because marriage involved rights of inheritance to property, parents wanted the power to control who their children married. Because Luther declared marriage to be a secular matter and not a sacrament at all, parents who became Protestant saw an opportunity to secure greater control over who their children married.
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Chapter 13 - Reformation Begins In what ways was the establishment of the Protestant religion historically important? |
It: -Helped reinforce the sovereignty of the state, -Help create nationalistic feeling, i.e. translated bible into national language of people. i.e. uniting the Dutch people under Protestant religion. - Help improvise the social and educational status of women. They were revered as good housewives and mothers and learned to read to teach the Bible to their children. |
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Chapter 13 - Reformation Begins Who was Ignatius Loyola? |
- Ignatius Loyola(1491-1556) founded the Catholic religious order the society of Jesus, better known as the Jesuits, the most militant of Catholic religious orders. - He put together "The Spiritual Exercises" in 1535. It was comparable to Calvin's "institutes". |
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Chapter 14 - Religious Wars and State Building Who was William Shakespeare? |
Over his life, he wrote 40 plays, 150 sonnets, and 2 long narrative poems. His plays are divided into 3 periods: The Early years: Orderly and just world despite human foolishness The Second Period: Darker mood and characterized by bitterness, pathos, and the search for meaning behind human existence. The Third Period: Reflect profound spirit of reconciliation and peace. - Shakespeare is unique because his plays are as popular now as they were in the past. |
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Chapter 14 - Religious Wars and State Building What is "Cuius region euis religio"? |
Compromise settlement reached at the Peace of Augsburg. The peace was based on the principle of "Cuius region euis religio" (let the ruler of the territory decide on the religion). |
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Chapter 15 - Absolutism and Empire How did Stuart king James II bring about the Glorious Revolution and his own demise in England? |
- When a Catholic son was born to James II and his second wife Mary Modena, his elder protestant daughter Mary could no longer be considered heir to the throne of England. - A secret invitation was sent to his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to come from Holland and take the English throne. - The coup was a bloodless event. James fled to France and the "Glorious Revolution" began. |
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Chapter 15 - Absolutism and Empire What policies did Pete the Great institute in Russia in order to implement his program of "westernization"? |
Western attire replaced traditional dress among aristocracy. Men were required to shave their long beards. Western manners were adopted. Children of nobles were sent to European courts to be educated. Thousands of European professional and skilled craftsmen were invited to Russia to make Westernization a success. New schools and academies were built. |
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Chapter 15 - Absolutism and Empire
What factors account for the economic growth of Europe in the 18th Century? |
1. Britain and Holland introduced more efficient agricultural systems allowing greater food production per acre. 2. Transportation systems were improved. 3. Fewer famines and better nutrition. 4. Fewer deaths by plague. 5. Northwest Europe more. urbanized. Major cities saw major population growth. 6. Manufacturing increased, esp. in textiles under domestic system of production. Employment became more gainful. |
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Chapter 15 - Absolutism and Empire What is the "Bill of Rights"? |
Passed on 1689 by William and Mary.
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Chapter 16 - The Scientific Revolution What factors helped to bring about the Scientific Revolution? |
- Europe's fascination with the natural world began in the 12th century medieval period. - The Renaissance helped to reinforce this interest. In 1543 Archimedes stimulated interest in operates in accordance with mechanical forces like a great machine. Galileo was influenced by this. - The collaboration between artisans and intellectuals during the Renaissance also fostered new science. Da Vinci was a perfect example of this. Craftsmen worked out geometric methods for supporting domes and building structures investigated laws of perspectives and optics. |
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Chapter 16 - The Scientific Revolution What effects did the Scientific Revolution and the scientists and philosophers of the 16th and 17th centuries have on the history of Western Civilization? |
The natural philosophers and scientists of the 16th and 17th centuries believed that their science was fully compatible with their religious ideas. Their work affected society, technology, government, religion, and the human condition. Europe's understanding of the world was forever changed by their work. |
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Chapter 16 - The Scientific Revolution What is the "Heliocentric Theory"? |
The emergence and confirmation of a heliocentric (sun centered) view of the universe. |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment: Discuss Voltaire's ideas concerning religion. |
He had no use for religion. He criticized religious fraud, superstition, and faith in miracles. He had no use for Church bureaucracy. He was to have said about the Church, "Crush the infamous thing". Voltaire was a deist. He believed in the existence of God, but not organized religion. |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment In his notable work "The Spirit of Laws"(1748) what recommendations did Montesquieu put forth to insure that government doesn't become abusive? |
1. explained how indifferent environments, histories, and religious traditions influence governments. 2. recommended that government power be separated into legislative, executive, and judicial branches in order to prevent tyranny. 3. advocated a system of "checks and balances" among the three branches of government. adopted by America in constitution, 1787. |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment According to Jean Jacques Rousseau's work "The Social Contract" what three things are necessary for government to be legitimate? |
1. Sovereignty shouldn't be divided among different branches of government and couldn't be abused by a king. 2. Exercising sovereignty transformed the nation from citizens subject to subversive laws that divide people to citizens united by mutual obligation. 3. The community of people that make up the nation would be united by the "general will". Common interest favors equality rather than individual demands. |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment What five arguments in favor of women's rights did Mary Wollstonecraft put forth in her work: A Vindication of the Rights of Women? |
1. Women had the same innate capacity for self-government as men. 2. "virtue" should mean the same thing for women as well as men. 3. Relations between the sexes should be equal. 4. The laws on marriage and property rights that favored men needed to be changed. 5. Education for women should promote liberty and self-reliance. |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment
Discuss how literacy rates in the 18th century Europe varied based on class, gender, and region. |
- 18th century elite or high culture was small in scale but very cosmopolitan and literate. - Wealthy women sponsored "salons" where men and women could converse, debate, and eat and drink. - Middle class read more on science, history, biography, travel, and fiction. - A good deal of lit. aimed at mid class women. (manners, morals, etiquette, etc.) - Lit. rates varied among common people according to gender, class, and region. North Europe had higher literacy rates than south or east. Cities and towns had higher than rural areas. - among poorer groups, books on religion, astrology, almanacs, and manuals were popular. |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment Why was the Enlightenment historically important to the development of Western Civilization? |
The American Revolution (1775), the French Revolution (1789), and the Latin American Revolutions of the 1830s had their roots in Enlightenment thought.
(Enlightenment thought = Revolutionary thinking) |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment Who was Adam Smith? |
Laissez-faire economics is often associated with the Scottish economist Adam Smith(1723-1790). His famous work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), offers critical support for allowing market forces to create economic prosperity. |
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Chapter 17 - The Enlightenment Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart? |
In the 18th century Mozart (1756-1791) was the greatest composer of opera in the classical era. His "The marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni," and "The Magic Flute" are timeless. |
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Chapter 18 - The French Revolution Identify and discuss the various causes of the French Revolution. |
French society was divided into 3 estates:
1st - clergy 2nd - nobility 3rd - everyone else - 1st and 2nd estate had special privileges that included not paying taxes. This angered the 3rd estate. - The Enlightenment also challenged old regime traditions. Voltaire criticized privilege and physiocrats wanted a simplified tax system. - Poor harvests increased the prices of bread. Because everyone had to spemd 50-80% of their income om bread, the demand for manufactured goods went down. This caused widespread unemployment. - Tithes, land taxes, etc caused resentment. - Bad tax system, bankrupt after American Revolution. - Louis XVI refused to listen to sound advice from competent ministers and was very indecisive. |
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Chapter 18 - The French Revolution Discuss the factors that led to the downfall of Napoleon. |
- The continental System in 1806. This slowed trade and caused unemployment in Europe. It also put him in several wars at one time. - His unlimited ambition to create an empire to model ancient Rome caused resentment. - He invaded Russia in 1812. He sent in 600,000 men and was defeated by Russian Cossack's hit-and-run tactics, frost, and snow. |
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Chapter 18 - The French Revolution
Who was Maximillian Robespierre? |
A lawyer who led the Committee of Public Safety which intensified the terror which was begun under Danton to punish the enemies of the revolution. Robespierre insisted only counterrevolutionaries truly guilty of treason could be executed but fanatical Jacobins abused the terror. As a consequence Robespierre was accused of orchestrating the abuses. He vowed to punish the fanatics who abused the terror but members of the National Convention who feared him conspired against him. On July 28, 1794, Robespierre and his closest supporters on the Committee were guillotined. |
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Chapter 18 - The French Revolution What is the "Civil Constitution of the Clergy"? |
In 1790, the National Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Bishops and priests were required to swear an oath of loyalty to the revolutionary government, which would pay their salaries. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society What factors allowed Britain to be the first country in Europe to industrialize? |
- Britain was fortunate in the 18th century to have national, economic, and cultural resources necessary for industrialization. - Britain had an abundance of coal, good rivers, and a well-developed network of canals. - By 18th century Britain's agriculture was commercialized. New techniques, new crops, and the "enclosure" of fields and pastures that were managed by commercial landlords encouraged industry. More food encouraged urbanization and agricultural profits were invested in industry. - Britain's growing supply of capital in the form of private wealth and well-developed banking system and credit institutions made possible investment in industry. - Social conditions in Britain were such that British aristocrats far more so than the European continent were willing to respect commoners with a talent for making money and were more disposed to invest in industry than their European counterparts. - Growing domestic and international markets made Britain prosperous in the 18th century. - Britain also had a merchant marine capable of transporting goods around the world and a powerful navy to protect her international trade. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society Identify some of the characteristics that distinguished the first wave of industrial growth from the second wave in Europe. |
The second wave of industrialization after 1850 brought even more broad and profound in communications with the telegraph and telephone. New chemical processes, dyestuffs, and pharmaceuticals appeared. New sources of energy (oil and electricity) were put to practical use. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society What effects did industrialization have on the peasantry in Europe? |
- Improved communication with rural areas that came with industrialization gave peasants a sense of awareness of events outside their villages. It also allowed central government bureaucracies to collect taxes more efficiently and to conscript sons of peasants into armies. - As factories came into existence, rural cottage industries were threatened and rural family income fell. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society What effects did industrialization have on European cities? |
- In the 19th century, urban populations in cities were sixfold.
- Industrialization especially swelled the size of port cities and urban area mining and manufacturing where railroads were built. - Almost all of Europe's 19th century cities were overcrowded and unsanitary. Construction lagged behind population growth, especially in working class neighborhoods. - By 1850, work had only begun to tear down slums in order to prevent catastrophic epidemics. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society What can be said about social mobility as the Industrial Revolution impacted Europe? |
- Industrial Revolution eroded social hierarchies based on rank and privilege and gave rise to new social distinctions based on wealth and social class.
- Social mobility in the middle class was possible within a generation or two. Few could move from the working class into the middle class. Working class people and their children didn't have access to education necessary for them to move up the social rank. - The move from middle class to the aristocracy was equally difficult. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society Briefly describe what working class life was like as the Industrial Revolution unfolded. |
- On the whole, working class hours were unhealthy and unregulated. Overcrowded housing was common. - In the working class home, women were expected to work and maintain a household on very little money. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society Describe what is was like for working class women as industrialization took root in the 19th Century. |
- Most women started at 10 or 11. Once they grew and had their own children, they had them wet nursed, brought them to the mills or mines, or did piecework at home. - Single women who worked domestic service jobs found themselves victims of coercive sexual relationships with male employers and their sons. Domestic service work did provide them with room and board. |
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Chapter 19 - The industrial Revolution and Nineteenth Century Society What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on 19th century Europe and Western Civilization? |
- Europe's economic political and cultural life was forever altered. - Europe's industrial surge decisively altered the global balance of power in the direction of the industrial West. - 18th century social disparity based on birth, rank, or privilege gave way to 19th century social distinctions based on class, education, and occupation. |
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Chapter 20 - From Restoration to Revolution What two factors best explain why the reactionary statesmen at the Vienna Congress were only partially successful in their attempts to restore Europe to the pre-French Revolutionary 1789 period of the Old Regime? |
- The impact that the French Revolution had was impossible to reverse. The public was more widely read. Words like "citizen" and political rights were impossible to eradicate. More people sought to participate in the political process.
- Industrialization successfully eradicated the old order and the Old Regime, where privilege was now being replaced by new wealth and ambition. |
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Chapter 20 - From Restoration to Revolution How did the Romantic Movement differ from the Enlightenment the preceded it in European History? |
- Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment. Whereas the Enlightenment championed "reason," Romanticism emphasized subjectivity, feelings, spontaneity, and emotions. Romantic ideas were reflected in painting, music, literature.
- Romantic thinkers had no political creed. Some were revolutionary while others looked to traditions and past history for inspiration. |
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Chapter 21 - Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 Define the concept of nationalism. |
A sense of belonging to a community that shares historical, geographic, cultural, and/or political traditions.
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Chapter 21 - Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 What significant changes took place in Europe as a result of 19th Century nationalism? |
- The nineteenth century saw the creation of new nation-states and the restructuring of old ones in Europe. - The nineteenth century witnessed the creation of Italy and Germany and the rebuilding of France, Britain, Russia, and Austria. Government bureaucracies were overhauled, electorates were expanded, and relations between ethnic groups were expanded. In Russia, serfdom came to an end. |
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Chapter 21 - Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 Why can it be argued that the Russian serfs weren't really emancipated after 1861? |
-The state compensated nobles for the loss of some of their land but they retained the best acreages. The land that the peasants received was often of poor quality and had to be paid for in installments. They were required to own the land collectively in village communes.
- As a consequence, Russian peasants were no freestanding farmers and the pattern of rural life changed very little. |
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Chapter 21 - Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 What characterized "realism" in art and literature in the second half of the 19th Century? |
In art and literature, realism was characterized by honesty, objectivity, and authenticity. |
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Chapter 21 - Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 Who was Alexander II? |
Czar Alexander II (1855-1881) to institute a series of reforms including the abolition of serfdom in 1861.
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Chapter 21 - Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 Who was Feodor Dostoevsky? |
Feodor Dosteovsky (1821-1911) wrote novels that reflected his harrowing personal life and explored the psychology of anguished human minds. Among his best known works is Crime and Punishment.
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Chapter 21 - Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 What was Pan-Slavism? |
Pan-Slavism also threatened to dissolved the Austrian Empire. The movement, encouraged by Czar Nicholas I of Russia, encouraged an independent-minded attitude among the Slavic groups inside the Austrian Empire. Russians, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Macedonians, and Bulgarians were encouraged to stress their cultural uniqueness by Russia, and by doing so Russia alienated the Austrians.
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Chapter 22 - Imperialism and Colonialism (1870 - 1914)
How did European contact impact colonial culture? |
- Social changes in life as a result of European contact brought men out of villages and away from their families. - Authorities on both sides of the colonial encounter worried about pressing national traditions and identity in the face of cultural hybrid changes, In China and India, for example debates as to whether children should be educated in traditional or new westernized styles often became heated affairs. Marriages and other traditional colonial practices came into question by western cultural standards. - Sexual relations between European men and colonial women were more often than not frowned upon. |
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Chapter 23 - Modern Industry and Mass Production (1870 - 1914) What did Herbert Spencer's ideas on Social Darwinism attempt to do? Why was Social Darwinism a dangerous precedent? |
- Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was noted to adapt Darwin's ideas to what came to be known as "social Darwinism".
- Social Darwinism applied Darwin's idea of individual competition and survival to relationships among classes, races, and nations or people. - Social Darwinism set a dangerous precedent for leaders to rationalize and justify different forms of economic, imperialist, and racial dominance. In its worst manifestation it would be viewed in terms of genocide. - Spencer used the term "survival of the fittest" to support free competition and to attack welfare programs. Opponents of socialism used Darwinism as a weapon against the welfare state. |
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Chapter 23 - Modern Industry and Mass Production (1870 - 1914) Who was Theodore Herzl? |
Theodore Herzl (1860-1904) a Hungarian Jew working in Paris followed the Dreyfus Affair closely and was troubled by it.
- Herzl was convinced that antisemitism in Europe would not allow Jews to be assimilated into Western Culture. - Herzl decided to embrace Zionism. In 1896 he published "The State of the Jews" and in 1897 convened the first Zionist Congress in Switzerland. - Herzl's vision of Jewish state had strong Utopian overtones because it was based on equality. |
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Chapter 23 - Modern Industry and Mass Production (1870 - 1914) Who was Vladmir Ilyich Lenin? |
When the Mensheviks eventually regained control of the Social Democratic Party, a young dedicated revolutionary named Vladmir Ilyich Ulanov (Lenin) led the Bolsheviks off to create their own splinter party.
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Chapter 24 - World War I Why was the new League of Nations created after World War I badly flawed and unable to maintain peace in the post-war years? |
1. It had no power to enforce peacemaking decisions. 2. It was dependent financially for its survival on member nations who didn't always contribute to its operating costs. 3. The United States Senate rejected both the Versailles Treaty and American participation in the League of Nations which originated from President Wilson's 14th point of his peace program. |
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Chapter 24 - World War I Why was World War I classic case of a war that created more problems than it solved? |
1. Nearly 9 million soldiers were killed producing what is known as "the lost generation".
2. The war led to the rise of Bolshevism and created suspicion between communist Russia and Western Europe. 3. The Versailles Treaty with its harsh terms created extreme bitterness in Germany, undermined the efforts of the post-war Weimar German Republic to bring democracy to the country and also provided a platform for Hitler and the Nazis to seize power. 4. The war helped shift the center of the world economy from Europe to America and Japan. 5. The war lowered Europe's living standard and created an atmosphere of bitterness and mistrust not only among nations but also among younger and older generations within countries. 6. Economic distress in the post-war years helped give rise to a new aggressive right wing ideology called Fascism that took root in Italy in the 1920's and Germany in the 1930's. 7. Intense bitterness created by the war and the peace settlements that were supposed to end it ultimately led to WWII. In one respect historians can argue that WWII was a continuation of WWI. |
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Chapter 24 - World War I Who was Gavrilo Princip? |
Gavrilo Princip was one of several members of the Black Hand radical group plotting to assassinate Franz Ferdinand. Earlier in the day, a bomb thrown at the archduke's touring car bounced off the hood and exploded in the street with casualties.
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Chapter 25 - Turmoil between wars How did the World War I Allies (United States, Britain, Japan) manage to create tension and suspicion on the part of Lenin's Bolshevik communist regime during the Russian Civil War (1918 - 1921)? |
-"Whites" fought against "Reds". Whites were liberal democratic elements from the failed Provisional Government. "Reds" were the communist Red army forces organized by the commissar of war Leon Trotsky. - The World War I Allies - The United States, Britain, and Japan sowed the seeds of mistrust on the part of Lenin's Bolshevik regime when they intervened in the civil war with financial support and military aid to the "whites". |
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Chapter 25 - Turmoil between wars
Identify the six major components that make up the fascist ideology. |
1. Unquestioned blind obedience to the dictator. 2. The corporate state - private ownership of the economy but with enforcement of government directives for both industrial and working groups. 3. Beliefs in the superior strength of fascist military power that is to be used to expand territory, that glorifies war, and conquers weaker states. 4. Contempt for the democratic and representative government. 5. Total and complete opposition to the principles of socialism. 6. The use of propaganda, censorship, and force so that the political, economic, social, and cultural dictates of the regime and the will of the dictator are carried out. |
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Chapter 25 - Turmoil between wars
What factors explain why the Weimar Republic was doomed to fail in Germany after World War I? |
- Rumors the German army had not been defeated but back stabbed by socialists and Jews spread. Hitler used this as propaganda. - Weimar leaders were invited to conference ONLY to sign the treaty of Versailles. They were blamed for its humiliating terms. - Weimar leaders found it impossible to fund postwar demobilization programs, social welfare programs, and pay reparation to the Allies. They printed money and inflation was out of control. Middle class, farmers, and workers blamed them for their economic woes. - The Great depression put 2 million Germans out of work in 1929 and by 1932 it reached 6 million. This gave the Nazis a platform to rise.
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Chapter 25 - Turmoil between wars Identify the causes of the Great Depression of the early 1930's. |
- One major cause was the instability of national currencies and the interdependence of the national economies. - In the 1920's there was a major drop in agricultural prices. Countries of southern and eastern Europe found it difficult to make profits. As a result they brought fewer manufactured goods from the more industrial countries of northern Europe causing a widespread drop in industrial productivity. - Nations found themselves raising tariffs to protect their own domestic manufacturers from cheaper foreign imports. Debtor nations relied on open markets to sell their products but found themselves shut out by tariff barriers. - On Oct. 24, 1929 "Black Tuesday" the NY Stock Exchange experienced a collapse in stock prices. Because the US replaced Europe as the leading international creditor nation after WWI, meant that the stock market crash would have serious repercussions in Europe. Banks in America and Europe were forced to close, workers lost not only their jobs but their savings, and businesses went bankrupt. |
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Chapter 25 - Turmoil between wars
Summarize why the interim between World War I and World War II became a time where hope for the future turned into despair and disillusionment. |
- In the Interwar years capitalism foundered in the Great Depression, democracies collapsed in Italy, Germany, and in newly founded countries of Eastern Europe carved out of the remnants of the collapsed Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, and the Treaty of Versailles left an incredible sense of bitterness. - Any optimistic hopes for the future of the West that existed in the 1920's were dashed by the Great Depression of 1929-1933. - Economic collapse and despair found Germans and Italians turning to authoritarian fascist solutions to their problems. - That in turn would strain international relations and produce an even more destructive war that the first world conflict. |
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Chapter 25 - Turmoil between wars Who was Heinrich Himmler? |
Hitler replaced the SA with the SS, Nazi Germany's new instrument of terror headed by the fanatic Heinrich Himmler. The SS was the vanguard of the Nazi Party. Himmler patterned it after the Jesuits who were the defenders of the Catholic faith during the Protestant Reformation. The SS were later to run the concentration camps and exterminate 6 million Jews during WWII.
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Chapter 25 - Turmoil between wars Who was Albert Einstein? |
- No man was associated more with scientific genius in the 20th century.
- His work shattered traditional assumptions about physics and revolutionized modern thinking about the universe. - By 1915 Einstein revolutionized scientific thinking about space, matter, time, and gravity. - His most famous theory on relativity states that space and motion are relative to each other rather than absolute constants. Add time to the mix and the result is a space-time continuum. The mass of a body is changed by its motion especially when it moves at high velocity. - E=mc2 paved the way for the splitting of the atom and the development of the atom bomb. |
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Chapter 26 - The Second World War How was World War II significantly different than World War I? |
1. WWII was more of a global conflict among nations, whole peoples, and freely opposing ideologies.
2. Unlike WWI where firepower outmatched mobility and produced four years of static slaughter in the trenches, WWII saw mobility matched by firepower on a massive scale. 3. Warfare in WWII became terrifying because of even more sophisticated weapons and changing tactics. 4. To a far greater extent WWII targeted civilians. Whole cities were laid waste by aerial bombing. 5. Whole populations of people were systematically targeted for annihilation as evidenced by the holocaust for Jews, homosexuals, Gypsies, and Slavs by the Nazi SS. 6. The naive enthusiasm that accompanied the outbreak of WWI was completely absent at the start of WWII. |
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Chapter 26 - The Second World War
Identify the fundamental causes of World War II. |
- Treaty of Versailles produced intense bitterness among Germans. - New nation-states carved out of the former Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empries were not set up in accordance with American President Woodrow Wilson's principles of national self-determination. Instead national boundaries that were drawn in Eastern Europe cut across ethnic boundaries, involved political compromise, and frustrated different peoples. Their political leader had little themselves with the exception of Czechoslovakia. - The absence of U.S, Soviet, and German participation in the League of Nations along with its financial difficulties and inability to provide the military teeth to enforce its decisions doomed it to failure. There was no international standard to provide peace and secure to any nation threatened with aggression. - Attempts at disarmament in the 1920's carried no real weight to prevent a future war. -The Great Depression created intense nationalism and the collapse of democracy in both countries. People looked to extreme right wing fascism to solve economic problems and in doing so pursued rearmament and aggressive foreign policies that threatened the peace. - In Japan the decline of exports meant that Japan didn't have enough foreign currency to pay for vital imported raw materials. This played into the hands of Japanese militarists who came power with an eye on aggressive expansionism in Asia that led to war. |
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Chapter 26 - The Second World War What was meant by the term "total war"? |
By definition "total war" means that civilian populations become a critical part of the war effort and become legitimate targets of death and destruction.
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Chapter 26 - The Second World War What were the significant results of World War II? |
- To date, WWII was the most destructive conflict in history of mankind. Killing was done on a massive scale.
- From the carnage and devastation, the US and the Soviet Union emerged as "superpowers." and became adversaries during the Cold War that followed. - Post war European imperialist powers seriously weakened by the war found it impossible to control their colonial territories around the world. Colonial people demanded and achieved independent nation-state status in the post war period. - Over 55,000,000 people were kill in this war. - The greatest threat of fascist domination of a new world order was eliminated but the cost in human suffering was staggering. |
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Chapter 26 - The Second World War Who was Harry S. Truman? |
Roosevelt died in April, 1945 and President Harry S. Truman decided to use the atomic bomb to force Japan's surrender. On Aug. 6, 1945, the first bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima and on Aug. 9, 1945, Nagasaki was destroyed by a second A-bomb.
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Chapter 26 - The Second World War Who was Gregori Zhukov? |
The city was reduced to rubble but by Jan. 1, 1945, the Red Army commanded by General Gregori Zhukov surrounded 300,000 Germans and forced their surrender.
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Chapter 26 - The Second World War
What was the "final solution"? |
By fall of 1941, the Nazis put in place the "final solution" to exterminating Jews and other undesirables by building gas chambers in their concentration camps. The worst camp was Auschwitz in Poland. Jews from all over Europe were transported to the concentration camps where over six million people were exterminated. |
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Chapter 27 - The Cold War What was the Marshall plan? Why was it a brilliant piece of American Cold War diplomacy? |
- Better known as the Marshal Plan, America over the next four years provided 13 billion to rebuild Europe. The plan included offering denounced the aid as a "cheap imperialist trick."
- Its brilliance: 1. Unlike the Truman Doctrine it wasn't confrontational to the Soviet Union. 2. By offering aid to the countries of Eastern Europe who were forced to refuse it by Stalin, it discredited in their eyes Soviet claims to legitimately influence their socialist regimes that were forced upon them. 3. It became the seed from which the current European Union evolved. 4. As the economics of the countries of Western Europe recovered the threat of left wing communist groups to takeover their governments, particularly in France and Italy, subsided. 5. It helped restore the faith of Western European people in democracy that was severely challenged by right wing fascism and left wing communism in the interim between WWI and WWII. |
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Chapter 27 - The Cold War What was the Soviet strategy of "peace coexistence" during the Cold War? |
In foreign affairs and Col War relations with the US and the West, the Khrushchev Era saw a shift in attitude to what came to be called "peaceful coexistence". The Soviet Union would coexist and cooperate with the West when it was in their best interest to do so. Peaceful coexistence, however, did not change the Soviet goal of promoting socialism on a worldwide basis. |
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Chapter 27 - The Cold War
What impact did the Cold War have on Western Civilization and World History? |
- The Cold War polarized two very distinct ideologies - democracy vs. communism, and saw the emergence of two superpowers. - It helped to propel the US and Soviet Union into a dangerous nuclear arms race that threatened Armageddon. - With decolonization becoming a post WWII reality that third World countries emerged and found themselves being courted by the US and Soviet Union to join their Cold War camps. - The Cold war also helped to accelerate the economic integration of Europe into what is now known as the European Union. - The Cold War also saw profound changes in culture especially with the emergence of existentialist philosophy where thinkers sought to redefine the meaning of life. |
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Chapter 27 - The Cold War Who was Boris Pasternak? |
Boris Pasternik wrote the Nobel Prize winning novel "Dr. Zhivago," however, found that inside the Soviet Union it couldn't be published and communist leaders barred him from collecting his literary prize in 1957.
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Chapter 27 - The Cold War Who was Mao Zedong? |
- Civil war raged in China since 1926 between nationalist government forces led by Chiang Kai-shek and communist insurgents led by Mao Zedong. - Mao established the People's Republic of China and began to adapt Marxism to a nation of peasant farmers rather than industrial workers. |
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Chapter 27 - The Cold War
Who was Ho Chi Minh? |
- Ever since 1919 Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh hoped that the peacemakers of Versailles would apply Wilson's principles of national self-determination to free his country from French Colonial control. When independence failed to materialize Ho read Marx and Lenin, and learned valuable lessons from Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong on how to organize revolution around peasant classes. - Ho fought the French and defeated them with a final victory at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. France suffered 70,000 casualties in their failed recolonization effort. |
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Chapter 28 - Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War (1960-1991) What demands were made by the Polish Solidarity movement in 1980? |
In 1980 unrest peaked with the Solidarity Movement among Polish workers. Strike brought the government to a stand still.
Demands included: 1. Improved working conditions. 2. Demands to curtail high prices and end shortage of goods. 3. Independent labor unions rather than government sponsored unions. |
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Chapter 28 - Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War (1960-1991) What were the major objectives of perestroika? |
1. Took aim at the privileges of the political elite of the Communist Party and the inefficient government bureaucracy.
2. Instituted competitive elections to official positions and limited terms in office. 3. Called for a shift from central planning of the economy begun under Stalin to mixed economy combining the government sector with a private sector where market forces would be at work. |
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Chapter 28 - Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War (1960-1991) What four factors explain why the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991? |
1. Lacked incentive for people to work. "We pretended to work and the Government pretended to pay us." 2. Central planning of economy on Soviet Union and the emphasis on heavy industrial development sacrificed production of consumer goods. Of all major industrialized countries in 20th century, people of Soviet Union had lowest standard of living. People turned on Economic system that failed to provide consumer goods. 3. Party maintained itself through repression, censorship, and fear. Stifling freedom and expression retarded progress and caused the Soviet people to want change after 70 years. "socialism put the Soviet Union on the road to nowhere." 4. Ethnic unrest coupled with Russification policies helped in the demise of the Soviet Union. Communist Party repression of ethnic traditions, language and culture was bitterly resented by various non-Russians living within the Soviet Union. |
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Chapter 28 - Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War (1960-1991) Who was Mikhail Gorbachev? |
- When power passed into the hands of Communist Party leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 he instituted reforms that he hoped would end decades of repression and economic stagnation.
- Politically Gorbachev favored "democratic socialism" rather than a single communist Party rule. Elections were to be more competitive with real choice of candidates for voters. - Gorbachev also revoked the Brezhnev Doctrine and brought his message of reforms to the countries of Eastern Europe. |
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Chapter 29 - A World Without Walls: Globalization and the West List and explain the arguments put forth by Egyptian Islamic critic Sayyid Qutb in his essays that define "political Islam". |
1. The roots of the Arab world's moral failure lay in centuries of colonial contact with the west. 2. Arab elites allowed their lives to defy and abandon codes of morality, self-discipline, and communal responsibility rooted in the Islamic faith. (they bought into western culture and turned their backs on islam) 3. Arab elites maintained their power by becoming tools of Western imperial and corporate power that eroded cultural purity and authentic Muslim beliefs. (by living life by western standards you are violating your islamic faith) 4. Arab societies poisoned by outside forces and their own elites needed to take drastic action to affect change. 5. After popular revolts succeed, an idealistic conservative Islamic Government would be established to link Islamic law, government, and culture. (They wanted to change the world to conform to their beliefs) |
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Chapter 29 - A World Without Walls: Globalization and the West Why is Al Qaeda seen as an apocalyptic terrorist group? |
- Al Qaeda us representative of a newer apolyptic terrorist group calling for decisive world-ending conflict to eliminate their enemies. Much of their militancy is directed at the west and they see themselves as martyrs for the cause of radical political Islam that began with Sayyid Qutb. - Al Qaeda doesn't seek to negotiate to obtain territory or to change governments. They have their objective the destruction of Isreal, America, Europe, and other non-Islamic territories and governments and to replace them with fundamentalist Islamic communities bound by Islamic faith. - The US military operation that killed Osama bin Laden weakened the Al Qaeda leadership but it remains a formidable terrorist threat. |
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Chapter 29 - A World Without Walls: Globalization and the West Why does North Korea pose a threat to the peace and security of Asia and other parts of the world? |
North Korea has now embarked on an ambitious nuclear weapons development program to use as a bargaining chip with China, Japan, America, and other influential powers. The great global powers fear that North Korean nuclear weapons development if completed could make nuclear weapons available to terrorist groups. - Currently North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un engages threatening talk of war and missile development that even Dennis Rodman can't stop. |
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Chapter 29 - A World Without Walls: Globalization and the West Who is Yaseir Arafat? |
The Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O) headed by Yaseir Arafat led militant Palestinian elements in the struggle against Israel.
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