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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Herbert Hoover
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In his first term as president, economy decflined, huge unemployment and dust storms.
- put in charge of food relief after WW1 by Woodrow Wilson - Republican party took notice and he became the go-to-guy. (worked on cabinet for Coolidge and Harding, most effective spokesperson for GOP - president in 1928, programs for relief werent working, too small-scale, he provided false hope(a car in every garage etc) -hoovervilles= little shanty towns -ran against FDR and lost |
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FDR
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- ran against Hoover and won
- unknown, but efficient ( tons of legislative measures that were meant to pull America out of depression) - connected with the people and offered them hope. - the New Deal (restore consumer power) |
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The New Deal
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-restore consumer power to make people feel good about themselves.
- banks could not provide their customers with their asseets, all the funds were wiped out and FDR tried to change the banking system. - Emergency Banking Relief Bill (opened all banks that still had assets, and they continued banking., recirculated money, deposits not federally guaranteed.) - put huge tax on alcohol, got money moving. - paid farmers not to produce crops. |
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CCC(part of New Deal)
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Civilian Conservation Crop
- for large groups of men without jobs. |
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WPA(part of New Deal)
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money spent to create jobs.
-built libraries and other buildings - hired everyone (artists, historians) - needed lots of people to construct roads and bridges, etc. |
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NRA(part of New Deal)
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National Recovery Administration
- for every business, fed. gov. would give codes of conduct setting output, trade practices. - very challenging - gov. would give one company in an area control over codes. |
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TVA(part of New Deal)
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Tennessee Valley Administration
- put hydroelectric power in dams |
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SEC(part of New Deal)
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-Regulated stock market
- no more samuel insulls - continually being revised |
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"Blue Eagle"
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National Recovery Administration exemplifier, "we do our part", gov. should manage economy
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John Maynard Keynes
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- Dealt with the New Deal and governent had to create jobs for the citizens.
-British economist - said government was responsible for welfare of country. - when something goes wrong, gov. needs to fix it. |
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Woody Guthrie
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-family lost several homes during the depression
-dust bowl ballads |
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Dr, Francis Townsend
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-65 years old (saw the problems for the elderly), demagogue (had simple solutions, certified eccentric
- They had their savings blown out. - he wanted gov. to pay a pension of $200 a month to people over the age of 60 - didnt know where the money was coming from. |
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Father Charles Coughlin
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-demagogue, radio prince, supported FDR, gave sermons about the problems of people and how FDR would help
-FDR kept him at a distance -appealed to small-towns, anti-jews - said that depression was because of wall street and that banks purposely hurt everyone - wanted social justice clubs that would do his bidding. - He ran against FDR in the National Union party and only got 2% of the vote |
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Huey Long
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"King Fish", senator from Louisiana.
-shrewd and ambitious -came from a family of populists and socialists -very corrupt, built a political empire that was very efficient, (public works buildings, rebuilt LSU) -Share Our Wealth Plan(government seize all fortunes over $5million, levy tax to everyone over $1 million. -he wanted to guarantee every working man $25,000 a year plus a $5000 home. -UNPOPULAR PLAN -by 1935 had tons of Share Our Wealth Clubs(7-10 million names on mailing list) - his popularity rivaled FDR's, they didnt like eachother -planned to run for presidency in 1936, but was assasisnated by the son of a local politician. -died due to lack off medical care |
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Mike Gold , The New Masses
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-committed socialist, street corner politician, joined IWW
- his magaizine included ideas such as the overhaul of wealth/means of production into hands of workers, the governement could be brought to rise in one year. -Gold promised this -part of the popular front, that awakened the government to the lack of success of the New Deal. - SS Act passed, and Wagner Act |
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Partisan Review
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-magazine for leftists
-popularized modern art - not socialism of mike gold, against violence. |
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Popular Front
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-combo of leftists and Gold
- started by communists in 1936 - critiqued capitalism/real statement of lack of success of New Deal - FDR cooperates with the group and moves new deal and everyone to the left a little bit. -gave more sympathy to working class -SSN and Wagner Act |
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Social Security Act
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-put tax on employees and employers to create funds for the older generations
-most influential piece of legislature. - came about because of the Popular Front |
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Wagner Act
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-declaration of independence for union labor movement
- it outlawed discrimination -and it outlawed refereed elections. -bc of these changes, the US got out of WW2. |
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Isolationism
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- avoidance of tangling up in other countries
-America had had a rough time during WW1 and we were STAYING OUT OF IT! |
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America First Committee
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CHarles Lindberg was in charge
- part of isolationism. -goal was to buil,d a great defense, so that no country or groups of countries could hurt the U.S., and to preserve American Democracy by staying out of European Wars. |
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Internationalism
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-U.S. is an international power
-strong economy, strong military, prestigeg democracy. -in order to protect thistheory, under FDR's term, America thought we would have to go to war. ultimately WW2 |
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Lend-Lease Act
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-allowed pres to lend and lease any military supplies to countries that we liked.
-basically england. they agreed to pay us back when they got the chance, free of interest. |
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Tri-Partite Pact
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in 1940 Japan, italy and Germany got together.
-us cut off all trade to Japan. -led to the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, killed many americans -this led to war with Japan. |
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Pearl Harbor
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attack by Japan on military base in Hawaii.
-2500 americans were killed -japan wanted to crush american military -u.s. declared war with japan because of this, and because of the TPA, Italy and Germany then declared war on U.S. -massive WORLD WAR |
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D-Day
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attack by u.s. and british troops to liberate Europe from Nazi rule.
-took place on the beaches of normandy in france -so much loss of life, still remembered today |
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Henry Luce
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editor and publisher of Life AND Time Magazine.
-told america to accept our role and embrace internationalism --encouraged world domination -he said that we should live up to the responsibility we have as americans. -important article |
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Appeasement
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-giving the bully (hitler) what he wants
-us had to be strong and prepared to fight, because simply ignoring hitler wasnt going to work, he wouldnt give up, it only made matters worse. - the only way to stop him was to use nuclear weapons. -whole different kind of warfare. |
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Rosie the Riveter
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-crusade for comfort (coming together to fight the enemy)
-pushed women into the army. -taught women that it was okay to get jobs -influential in transforming the military, because still today many women are emplyed by the army. |
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Phillip K. Wrigley
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-convinced army that chewing gum would help relieve thirst, keep teeth clean and give them energy.
-put a stick of gum in each ration for troops -made it patriotic to chew gum, even for citizens not actively in the war. -created a taste, a demand and a market. -after the war, profits soared, because there was no more rationing |
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John Hersey
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-interviewed the american troops and found that most men were fighting for everyday things (whiskey, movies, dames)
- people connected these things with home -fought for all modern conveniences, and consumer impulse to buy during the war. -helped create teh "spend-buy" idea to the whole world |
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War Relocation Authority
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-march 1942, rounded up all japanese americans and forced them into internment camps
-they were forced to sell property cheaply -they took all of them because there wasw speculation that Japan was going to attack again after Pearl Harbor. -u.s. was convinced that the JA's were assiting them. - religious groups filed suits because it was an obvious attak on civil rights.. -supreme court ruled against them saying it was not against the constitution -german americans were not affected |
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Unconditional Surrender
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-consequence of war with the enemy
- after the war it came in handy for settung up and constructing the cold war. US= god-loving, pure, good america VS. THEM= subhumank, communist Soviet union |
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Warfare State
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consequence of war. had to establish ways of life.
-keep factories going -develop new kinds of war materials to keep economy ties to war production economy. -people kept jobs, no depression |
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Yalta Conference
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-during the nuclear age
- 1945, three rulers (FDR, Stahlin, Churchill) planning for post-war Europe -at the conference, Soviet Union finally agreed to go to war with Japan (little hesitant) -since they agreed to go to war, us agreed to a buffer zone in eastern Europe so the Soviet union could never be invaded by the west (Germans) -after war, there would be free elections in east Europe |
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Iron Curtain
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-Fulton, MO 1946
-FDR's Speech about the fact that the iron curtain has descended across continent of europe -impossible to help people ruled by stalin -FDR had died, and Harry Truman took over office. |
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Truman Doctrine
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-1947, us would meet soviet army with our army
-the idea was to meet strength with strength -hard to follow through with because of the Berlin Wall |
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Berlin Blockade
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-1948, challenged the Truman Doctrine
- stalin closed off all routes that were supplying the western sections of berlin(trying to get rid of allie occupation) -Truman used airlifts to supply berlin (a plane landed every three minutes with tons of supplies.) -lasted almost a year -us added stations in london, and it scared stalin, bc he thought they might bomb moscow. -scared him so much, that the wall was lifter 318 days after it was built. |
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Containment
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-aimed at communist political parties that existed and thrived throughout Western Europe
-wanted to undermine leftist regimes -tried to bring disaster on communist parties -marshall plan (20 billion dollars to unite countries in anti-communist cause) |
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Marshall Plan
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-general george marshall, sec of state, wanted to offer up 20 billion dollars to european countries.
-it was a plan to unite countries under anti-communist cause -Stalin said it was an imperialistic drive to control them, and so countries rejected it |
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NATO
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-Group of North American and western european countries.
-put an arc around soviet union so it established treaty -soviets established Warsaw Pact in retaliation -key part is the presence of us troops inb europe -western europe would be protected under a nuclear umbrella of us -"attack on one, is an attack on all" |
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Brinkmanship, John Foster Dulles
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-practice of going on the brink of nuclear war.
-giant game of chicken between john and Dwight D. Eisenhower -Dulles said that if you are afraid to go to the brink, than you will lose. -kept the peace with containment ande the idea that you must play to the limit. |
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CIA, Alan Dulles
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-much more respectable job (gov. spy)
- goal is to infiltrate communist countries and undermine leftist governments -insert pro-western, pro-capitalism -Alan was the 1st director of CIA |
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Pentagon
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Department of Defense Founded
-unified armies, marines, navies, airports -created a massive centralized defense establishment -DONT MESS WITH US!!! |
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Korrean Conflict
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-Dramatic example of psychology
- north korea-commmunism -south-korea-developing capitalism -north crossede the 38th parallell and started fighting -u.s. troops moved in, caused conflict not war. -war happened because when debating on what to do, soviets walked out and they werent there to vote and veto the debate. -came out the same way before the conflict. basically a tie |
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HUAC
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House of un-American activities committee.
-held hearings on communist governments -Nixon accused Alger Hiss of being a soviet spy (he knew this because he a reformed communist said he worked with Hiss. Alger convicted of perjury.) |
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GI Bill
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FDR signed it
-provided economic safety net for returning servicemen. -unemplyment compensation, medical care, morgage funds -huge mass of americans could now afford homes -gave them a chance to go to college -more enlisted, because of the benefits |
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AFL-CIO
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Consolodation of Big Labor
AFL=Aristocrats of labor (skilled union) CIO= industrial orgs (unskilled laborers) -By combining, they negotiated huge contracts for huge sections of the economy that would cover everyone skilled and unskilled -negotiated good wages, better conditions, steady raises, costs of living adjustments, etc. |
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Benjamin Spock, Baby and Child Care
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emphasized child rearing
-said never let the child cry -let the child's adventurous side run amuck in the house -dont curb creative instincts - if they get muddy, throw paint all over the house, its okay because its creative -instant gratification = child sad-mom comforts = child bored- mom amuse |
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"Leave it to Beaver", "I Love Lucy"
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-iincluded the whole family
-intorduction of child stars - self-fulfilled and self-realized citizens who bought things -ethnic tensions -only diversity on tv -gender tensions (lucy always wanted a "mans job") |
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Dwight MacDonald
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-dissenting voice
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Beat Generation
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-produced prodigious literaturer questiong role of life of people in the 50's
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Peace Corps
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during the age of rebellion
-an unsusual program for the time -it sent volunteers(not soldiers) out to assist in the development of 3rd world countries -spreading culture(mission, democracy, honesty) to other countries |
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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fought for black equalirt
-emerged in south with tremendous power -espoused the tactics of Gahndi (non-violent civil disobedoience) -sit-ins, and protests -wanted equal citizenship -murdered during a public speech |
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Brown v Board of Education
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-fought for an end to "seperate but equal schools"
-wanted all jim crow laws abolished -NAACP worked very hard on it -Thurgood Marshall wants desegregaation in 1 year -went through, and it was what blacks had been waiting for -first step towards a fair equality |
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Malcom X
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-black radicalist
- said march on washington was afarce - it was a circus manipulated by whites -he said that blacks couldnt make a deal with the devil -many young voices began to shift the focus of black integration (civil rightrs) to black pride and third shift to "BLACK POWER" |
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Betty Friedman, The Feminine Mystique
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-intellectual push of women's movement
-including, divorce, birth control, equal pay, et. cetera. - DEMANDED equal pay -sisterhood -wanted real changes |
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Black Panthers
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-very broad-based agenda, but got money through the little red book
-bought books wholesale and sold them to grad students -sold tons to carry on program -preached separation, said integration would not work, blacks had to take power because they would nevere be given it |
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Counterinsurgency
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-u.s. would move in with advisors and money to make sure that communist insurgents would not prevail
-u.s. believed that we coulod prevail agains communists by having the fastest moving troops and most-sophisticated weapons. -began with Vietnam |
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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-when kennedy was assassinated, lbj was moved to president
-carried on the idea of helping south korea -he ran for a second term and won as "peace candidate" -he realized that just sending advisors there would not work, he had to send troops -huge (500,000) troops in vietnam |
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Defoliation
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using a poison to disentigrate the jungle of vietnam and expose their hiding places.
-posioned some of our own troops -killed many, and still paying for it |
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Viet Cong
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-contained rebels
-indistinguishable from everyone else in south korea -who we wanted to get rid of -we were unable to quell the insurgency -caused problems, because it was a guessing game. -troops fired at anyone they suspected might be hiding something |
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SDS
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-Students for a Democratic society
-very well organized and eventually got grants to further protest -looked at poverty and racism in this country -very young, hippies |
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Domino Theory
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- once south korea fell, lots of other countries still needed help
-this called for more troops in the pacific -many people saw it as too simplistic |
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Yippies
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-youth international
-jerry rubin and abbie hoffm -mocked everything in consumer culture -pigasus>pig=yippie pres candidate -he got up and squeled on platforms "sounds better than other candidates" -condoned drugs, lsd, acid -threatened to put drugs into the water supply to make everyone happy -this terrified middle-class families |
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Tet Offensive
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-U.s. military planners and president and petagon said they were in the last stage of war, close to winning
-this was wrong, the VC was very strong -it actually controlled part of the u.s. embassy in saigon -was meant to boost morale, but people just lost hope because they were lied to |
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Eugene McCarthy
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-democrat that challenged LBJ
-peace candidate -almost worked -LBJ went on tv to say that he would not run again |
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George Wallace
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-governor of alabama
-segregationist - ran for the American Party - had national agenda for speaking to anti-war movement -students have no ethics and they are dirty and he wanted to restore order and law - wanted to keep fed. gov and outside governors out of the state -issue of law and order nopt race and segregations -attempted assasination, ended up paraplegic |
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1968 Democratic Convention
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-televised, heavily protected, high security
-police used tear gas and clubs (unnessecary) -democrats nominated herbert humphrey -lots of scandal and dusruption -teetering on the brink of total chaos |
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Richard M. Nixon
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-dependable cold warrior, strenght in foreign affairs, anti-communist, anti-hippie, pro-middle class.
-appealed to silent majority (those that got up, went to work, etc.) -eventually resigned from office because of the watergate scandal |
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Jimmy Carter
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-after nixon resigned, americans didnt know what to think about american ideals
- symbolized retrenchment of American way of life -christian -said he would never lie to the public -promised a gov. as good as the american people -mod. dem. that distanced himself from radicals. -emphasize human rights and honesty -said it would be true on domestic and foreign front. -he won |
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Stagflation
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-stagnant economy
- days of cheap oil were ending - cost of energy was skyrocketing - result was unemployment -inflation was double in digits economic growth rate was under 2% -made it impossible for carter to win a second term |
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Ronald Reagan
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-regenerated american values
- led by grassroots party - the republicn party was remade - sense of humor, former movie star, president of SAG -terrified of communism -very popular -product of the grassroots movement |
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THe New Right
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-reagan in charge
-wanted to cut back on governemnt -didnt want gov. intruding in their lives -objective was to cut spending and taxes - wanted smaller government -Richard Viguerie one of the leaders of NR -wanted to become a formidale right wing movement |
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THe Moral Majority
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-started by Jerry Falwell
-disturbed promiscuity of the 60's - working ot clean up their communities and schools -focused on the abortion decison of ROe v Wade(abortion in first trimester) -targeted hollywood as well |
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Sun Belt
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-demorgraphic manifestation of Reagans revolutionary ideals
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