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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-Stalingrad
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The Battle of Stalingrad was a major and decisive battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in the southwestern Soviet Union. The battle took place between August 23, 1942 and February 2, and was marked by constant close-quarters combat and lack of regard for military and civilian casualties. It is among the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with the higher estimates of combined casualties amounting to nearly two million. The heavy losses inflicted on the German army make it arguably the most strategically decisive battle of the whole war. After the Battle of Stalingrad, German forces never recovered their earlier strength and attained no further strategic victories in the East.
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**The Atlantic Charter
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The Atlantic Charter was an agreement between the United States of America and Great Britain that established the vision of Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill for a post-World War II world. One of the interesting aspects of the charter that was signed on August 14, 1941 was that the United States of America was not even a part of the war at the time. However, Roosevelt felt strongly enough about what the world should be like that he put forth this agreement with Winston Churchill. The Atlantic Charter can be boiled down to eight points:
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8 points
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-The United States and Great Britain agreed to seek no territorial gains as a result of the outcome of World War II.
-Any territorial adjustments would be made with the wishes of the affected people taken into consideration. -Self-determination was a right of all people. -A concerted effort would be made to lower trade barriers. -The importance of the advancement of social welfare and global economic cooperation were recognized as important. -They would work to establish freedom from fear and want. -The importance of freedom of the seas was stated. -They would work towards postwar disarmament and the mutual disarment of aggressor nations. |
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Operation Overlord
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Operation Overlord was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, the operation that launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II by Allied forces. The operation commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day). A 12,000-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving almost 7,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June; more than three million troops were in France by the end of August.
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Mein Kampf
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Mein Kampf is a book that was written by Adolf Hitler while he was imprisoned in Bavaria after his failed attempt to seize power in Munich in November, 1923. Published in the summer of 1925, it was followed by the second volume in December, 1926. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology. The book presents Hitler’s Social Darwinist worldview and reveals his hatred of Jews and bolshevists.
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*The Manhattan Project
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The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. The top-secret Manhattan Project has been called the single-most significant event of the 20th century. Though it begun as a small research project to develop an atomic weapon in advance of Germany, the Manhattan Project grew to include thousands of scientists working around the clock and in laboratories across the country. The creation and use of the atomic bomb, developed by the Project’s scientists, brought an end to World War II, altering the position of the United States in the world community while setting the stage for the Cold War.
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Provisions of the Yalta Conference
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was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. At the Yalta Conference, the Allies agreed that the liberated nations of Europe would create democratic governments of their own choice, defeated Germany would be divided into occupation zones, Germany would pay war reparations, and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan.
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Battle of the Atlantic
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The name "Battle of the Atlantic" was coined by Winston Churchill in February 1941. It refers to one of the longest, largest, and most complex naval battle in history. The campaign began immediately after the European war began and lasted six years. It involved thousands of ships in more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters, in a theatre covering thousands of square miles of ocean. The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as new weapons, tactics, counter-measures, and equipment were developed by both sides. The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses to U-boats continued to war's end.
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The Battle of Kursk
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The Battle of Kursk was a World War II engagement between German and Soviet forces on the Eastern Front near the city of Kursk, in the Soviet Union in July and August 1943. It was both the largest series of armored clashes and the costliest single day of aerial warfare in history. The battle was the final strategic offensive the Germans were able to mount in the east, and the decisive Soviet victory gave the Red Army the strategic initiative for the rest of the war.
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The Final Solution
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The Nazis frequently used euphemistic language to disguise the true nature of their crimes. They used the term “Final Solution” to refer to their plan to annihilate the Jewish people, though it is not known when the leaders of Nazi Germany definitively decided to implement this plan. The genocide, or mass destruction, of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discriminatory measures.
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*D Day
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The term D Day refers to June 6, 1944: the date of the Allied landing in France during WW2. 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which we will accept nothing less than full victory. More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day’s end on June 6, the Allies gained a foothold in Normandy. The D-Day cost was high -more than 9,000 Allied Soldiers were killed or wounded - but more than 100,000 Soldiers began the march across Europe to defeat Hitler.
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The Battle of the Bulge
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The Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched through Belgium, France, and Luxembourg. While the battle was intended to split Allied lines and force negotiated peace, American forces were able to contain the battle and inflict heavier losses on the German forces. The battle is significant in the course of World War II because it is seen as Hitler’s last major offensive and, in essence, brought about the end of the war.
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**The Battle of Midway
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Midway is considered the turning point of the War in the Pacific. Prior to this, the Japanese had inflicted serious damage on American naval power with the bombing of Pearl Harbor, only failing to damage the carrier fleets. The battle of coral sea and several other skirmishes had damaged American fleets even more. At the battle of midway, the us was only able to send 3 aircraft carriers to defend the islands agaisnt the Japanese four. Even though the Japanese had more ships, they did not know the Americans had successfully cracked a Japanese encryption detailing the assault force prior to the battle. The smaller American fleet successfuly defended the islands, destroying many Japanese planes and 3 carriers in the process. The battle proved the U.S. navy could stand up to the might of the Japanese fleets. This battle not only inflicted serious physical damage on the Japanese forces in the area, it also lowered morale.
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Operation Sea Lion
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Operation Sea Lion was Nazi Germany's plan to invade the United Kingdom during the Second World War following the Fall of France. To have had any chance of success, however, the operation would have required air and naval supremacy over the English Channel – neither of which the Germans ever had at any stage during the Battle of Britain. Sea Lion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September 1940 and never carried out.
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**The Containment Doctrine
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Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. Russia's history was one of expansion as much as possible and the Soviet Union was following that same idea. Because of the desire of the Soviets to expand westward, and the fact that Stalin had a pathological mistrust of the US, it would be impossible to come to a peaceful settlement with the Soviets. Thus, the policy of containment, developed by George F. Kennan of the State Department, was adopted by the Truman administration. The policy would allow communism where it already existed, but would use all force necessary to prevent any further expansion. In other words, communism would be "contained" where it presently existed.
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**NSC-68
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National Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58-page top secret policy paper issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. It was one of the most significant statements of American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years, and involved a decision to make Containment against Communist expansion a high priority. The strategy outlined in NSC-68 arguably achieved ultimate victory with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent emergence of a "new world order" centered on American liberal-capitalist values alone. Truman officially signed NSC-68 on September 30, 1950. It was successfully declassified by historians in 1975.
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*The Fair Deal
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The Fair Deal was the term given to an ambitious set of proposals put forward by United States President Harry S. Truman to the United States Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address. The term, however, has also been used to describe the domestic reform agenda of the Truman Administration,[1] which governed the United States from 1945 to 1953. It marked a new stage in the history of Modern liberalism in the United States. The most important proposals were aid to education, universal health insurance, Fair Employment Practices Commission and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act. They were all debated at length, then voted down. Nevertheless, enough smaller and less controversial (but still important) items passed that liberals could claim some success.
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McCarthyism
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McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. It also means "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism." The term has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from 1950 to 1956 and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally coined to criticize the anti-communist pursuits of Republican U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, "McCarthyism" soon took on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts. The term is also now used more generally to describe reckless, unsubstantiated accusations, as well as demagogic attacks on the character or patriotism of political adversaries.
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*Levittown
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Levittown is the name of four large suburban developments created in the United States of America by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. Built in the post-WWII era for returning veterans and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. He and other builders were guaranteed by the Veterans Administration and the Federal Housing Association (FHA) that qualified veterans could receive housing for a fraction of rental costs. Production was modeled in an assembly line manner and thousands of identical homes were produced. These came standard with a white picket fence, green lawn, and modern era kitchen with appliances. They featured large numbers of similar houses that were built easily and quickly, allowing rapid recovery of costs.
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*Brown v. Board of Education
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Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement.
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**Emmett Till
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was an African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi at the age of 14 after reportedly flirting with a white woman. Originally from Chicago, Illinois, Till was visiting his relatives in Mississippi when he spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the married proprietor of a small grocery store there. Several nights later, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam arrived at Till's great-uncle's house, kidnapped Till, and transported him to a barn; they beat and tortured Til before shooting him through the head and disposing of his body in the Tallahatchie River. His body was discovered and retrieved from the river three days later.
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Till was returned to Chicago where his mother insisted on a public funeral service with an open casket to show the world the brutality of the killing. Till was returned to Chicago and his mother, who had raised him mostly by herself, insisted on a public funeral service with an open casket to show the world the brutality of the killing. Tens of thousands attended his funeral or viewed his casket and images of his mutilated body were published in black magazines and newspapers, rallying popular black support and white sympathy across the U.S. Intense scrutiny was brought to bear on the condition of black civil rights in Mississippi, with newspapers around the country critical of the state. However, local newspapers and law enforcement officials soon began responding to national criticism by defending Mississippians, which eventually transformed into support for the killers.
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Bryant and Milam were acquitted of Till's kidnapping and murder -though they admitted to killing him only months later. Nonetheless, Till's murder is noted as a pivotal event motivating the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
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The Little Rock 9
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott
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a seminal event in the U.S. civil rights movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign commenced on December 1, 1955 when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person. It continued until December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. Many important figures in the civil rights movement also took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy.
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**The New Frontier
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was a term used by liberal Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention. The phrase became the Democratic slogan for rallying support for JFK, and developed into a label for his administration's domestic and foreign programs. As a result, it led to the approval and passing of the most new legislation in America since the 1930s.
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Amongst the legislation passed during the Kennedy Administration was the expansion of unemployment benefits, aid to cities to improve housing and transportation, allocation of funds to continue the construction of a national highway system started under Eisenhower, a water pollution control act to protect the country’s rivers and streams, and an agricultural act to raise farmers’ incomes. A significant amount of anti-poverty legislation was also passed by Congress, including increases in social security benefits and in the minimum wage, several housing bills, and aid to economically distressed areas.
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The Berlin Wall
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was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic starting on 13 August 196, which completely cut off West Berlin by land from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls to circumscribe a wide area later known as the death strip, which contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds, and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
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The British Invasion
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was a phenomenon that occurred in the mid-1960s when rock and pop music acts from the United Kingdom, as well as other aspects of British culture, became popular in the US, and then throughout the world. Bands such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who and The Moody Blues would get their start during this time and go on to make a lasting impact on the US music scene.
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**LSD
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Lysergic acid diethylamide is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug well known for its psychological effects, which include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synesthesia, and an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938, but is mainly associated with the 1960s as it played a key role in the counterculture of this time. New cultural forms emerged throughout the 1960s as a result of widespread use of the drug, including a dramatic change in the music scene, the concurrent rise of hippie culture, and the rapid evolution of a youth subculture that emphasized change and experimentation.
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Many young people extolled the mystical and religious symbolism often engendered by the drug's powerful effects, and advocated its use as a method of raising consciousness. Also, many famous personalities such as the Beatles and Jimi Hendrix quickly became associated with LSD use and attracted a great deal of publicity, only generating further interest in the drug. By 1966, LSD use had become so widespread that Time Magazine published an article about it in order to warn the public of its unknown dangers.
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Beatnik
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was a media stereotype of the 1950s to mid-1960s that displayed the more superficial aspects of the Beat Generation literary movement of the 1950s and violent film images, along with a cartoonish depiction of the real-life people and the spiritual quest in Jack Kerouac's autobiographical fiction.
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*Students for a Democratic Society
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was a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left: a reference to activists, educators, agitators and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms in contrast to earlier movements. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969. Even so, SDS has been an important influence on student organizing in the decades since its collapse. Participatory democracy, direct action, radicalism, student power, shoestring budgets, and its organizational structure are all present in varying degrees in current American student activist groups. Though various organizations have been formed in subsequent years as proposed national networks for left-wing student organizing, none has approached the scale of SDS, and most have lasted a few years at best. A new incarnation of SDS was even founded in 2006.
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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
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**The Black Panthers
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The Black Panther Party was a black revolutionary socialist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982. The Black Panther Party achieved national and international notoriety through its involvement in the Black Power movement and U.S. politics of the 1960s and 1970s. Founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale on October 15, 1966, the organization initially set forth a doctrine calling primarily for the protection of black neighborhoods from police brutality. The leaders of the organization espoused socialist and Marxist doctrines; however, the Party's early black nationalist reputation attracted a diverse membership.
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The Black Panther Party's objectives and philosophy expanded and evolved rapidly during the party's existence, making ideological consensus within the party difficult to achieve, and causing some prominent members to openly disagree with the views of the leaders. Gaining national prominence, the Black Panther Party became an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s. Ultimately, the Panthers condemned black nationalism as "black racism" and became more focused on socialism without racial exclusivity.[8] They instituted a variety of community social programs designed to alleviate poverty, improve health among inner city black communities, and soften the Party's public image. The Black Panther Party's most widely known programs were its armed citizens' patrols to evaluate behavior of police officers and its Free Breakfast for Children program. However, the group's political goals were often overshadowed by their criminality and their confrontational, militant, and violent tactics against police.
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Great Society
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was a set of domestic programs in the United States announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson at Ohio University and subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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was a joint resolution that the United States passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of "conventional'' military force in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the resolution authorized the President to do whatever necessary in order to assist "any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty". This included involving armed forces.
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The Credibility Gap
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was a satirical comedy team comprising Harry Shearer, Richard Beebe, David L. Lander and Michael McKean.[1] Lew Irwin, John Gilliland, Thom Beck, and Len Chandler also performed in their early days. They emerged in the late 1960s doing comedic commentary on the news for the Los Angeles AM rock radio station KRLA 1110, and proceeded to develop more elaborate and ambitious satirical routines on the "underground" station KPPC-FM, Pasadena, California.
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Tet Offensive
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was a military campaign during the Vietnam War that was launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnam against South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It was a campaign of surprising attacks that were launched against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam, during a period when no attacks were supposed to take place. The operations are referred to as the Tet Offensive because there was a prior agreement to "cease fire" during the Tet Lunar New Year celebrations.
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Apollo 11
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was the spaceflight that landed the first humans, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on the Moon on July 20, 1969. Broadcast on live TV to a world-wide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by the late U.S. President John F. Kennedy in a speech before the United States Congress, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."
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Sputnik
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was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. The surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis, began the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, an important element of the larger Cold War. The launch also ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments.
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*The G.I. Bill
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The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, known informally as the G.I. Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (G.I.s). Benefits included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business or farm, cash payments of tuition and living expenses to attend college, high school or vocational education, as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It was available to every veteran who had been on active duty during the war years for at least ninety days and had not been dishonorably discharged; combat was not required. By the end of the program in 1956, roughly 2.2 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill education benefits in order to attend colleges or universities, and an additional 6.6 million used these benefits for some other form of training program.
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Détente
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is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in reference to the general easing of geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States, which began in 1971 as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente
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*SALT I and II
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The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in November 1969.[1] SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The United States eventually withdrew from SALT II in 1986. The treaties led to START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), which consisted of START I (a 1991 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union) and START II (a 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia), both of which placed specific caps on each side's number of nuclear weapons.
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**Vietnamization
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Upon taking office in 1969, U.S. President Richard Nixon (1913-94) introduced a new strategy called Vietnamization that was aimed at ending American involvement in the Vietnam War (1954-75) by transferring all military responsibilities to South Vietnam. The increasingly unpopular war had created deep divisions in American society. Nixon believed his Vietnamization strategy, which involved building up South Vietnam's military strength in order to facilitate a gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops, would prepare the South Vietnamese to take responsibility for their own defense against a Communist takeover and allow the U.S. to leave the conflict with its honor intact. In 1973, the U.S. negotiated a treaty with the North Vietnamese, withdrew American combat troops and declared the Vietnamization process complete. However, in 1975, South Vietnam fell to Communist forces.
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Stagflation
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a combination of stagnation and inflation, is a term used in economics to describe a situation where an inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows down, and unemployment remains steadily high. It raises a dilemma for economic policy since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment, and vice versa. In the version of Keynesian macroeconomic theory which was dominant between the end of WWII and the late-1970s, inflation and recession were regarded as mutually exclusive, the relationship between the two being described by the Phillips curve. Stagflation is very costly and difficult to eradicate once it starts, in societal terms as well as in budget deficits.
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Watergate scandal
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The Watergate scandal was a political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972, break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. The scandal eventually led to the resignation of Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974 — the only resignation of a U.S. President. The scandal also resulted in the indictment, trial, conviction, and incarceration of forty-three persons, dozens of whom were Nixon's top administration officials.
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The affair began with the arrest of five men who had cash from a slush fund used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, the official organization of Nixon's campaign. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the president's staff and it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape-recording system in his offices that he had used to record many conversations. These tapes implicated the president, revealing he had attempted to cover up the illegal on-goings that had taken place during his administration, both before and after the break-in. Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974 before his near-certain impeachment, but was pardoned by his successor Gerald Ford.
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The Helsinki Accords
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was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1, 1975. Thirty-three states, including the USA, Canada, and most European states except Albania and Andorra, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. The Helsinki Accords, however, were not binding as they did not have treaty status.
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The Camp David Accords
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were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following thirteen days of secret negotiations at Camp David.[1] The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks, A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel, led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, and resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. Little progress was achieved on the first framework however, A Framework for Peace in the Middle East, which dealt with the Palestinian territories.
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Reaganomics
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refers to the economic policies promoted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. These policies are commonly associated with supply-side economics, referred to as trickle-down economics by political opponents. The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and control the money supply in order to reduce inflation.
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