History Final

Front 1

beginning and end of the Crimean War

Back 1

1853-1856

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______ Secret ballot introduced in British elections

Back 2

Ballot Act of 1872

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______ Paris Commune

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from March 28 to May 28, 1871

Front 4

______ ______ Franco-Prussian War (year to year)

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1870-1871

Front 5

______ Mill’s The Subjection of Women first published

Back 5

1869

Front 6

______ “Second Reform Act” expanding the electorate in Great Britain

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1867

Front 7

______ Compromise creating the Austro-Hungarian “Dual Monarchy”

Back 7

1867

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______ Austro-Prussian War

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1866

Front 9

______ Victor Emmanuel II is proclaimed king of Italy

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1861

Front 10

______ Darwin’s On the Origin of Species first published

Back 10

1859

Front 11

Sepoy Mutiny in India

Back 11

1857

Front 12

Darwin’s The Descent of Man

Back 12

1871

Front 13

Old age and disability pensions introduced in Germany

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1889

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______ Franco-Russian defensive alliance against Germany formalized

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1894

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______ Lenin’s Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism published

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1916

Front 16

______ Norway grants women the right to vote (first European country to do so)

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1913

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______ Einstein’s first paper on relativity theory

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1905

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______ Lenin’s What Is To Be Done? first published

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1902

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______ First socialist appointed to French cabinet

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1899

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______ Married Women’s Property Act in Britain

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1882

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Bosnian annexation crisis

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1908–1909

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______ Nuremberg Laws denying Jews citizenship in Germany

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1935

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______ Hitler’s appointment as chancellor of Germany

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January 1933

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______ Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own first published

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1929

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______ Mussolini’s “March on Rome”

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1922

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______ French “invasion” of the Ruhr

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1923

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______ ______ Peace negotiations after the Great War in Versailles and Paris (year to year)

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1919-1920

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______ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending the Great War on the eastern front

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1918

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______ Battle of the Somme

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1916

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______ Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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28 June 1914

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Kristallnacht (‘night of broken glass’)

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1938

Front 32

______ Treaty of Paris establishing European Coal and Steel Community

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1951

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______ Establishment of the NATO alliance

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1949

Front 34

______ ______ Blockade of Berlin by the Soviet Union

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1948-1949

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______ Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (month and year

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August 1945

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______ End of World War II in Europe (month and year)

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May 1945

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______ Yalta Conference

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February 4–11, 1945

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______ Firebombing of Dresden

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1945

Front 39

______ Wannsee conference (German leadership decides on deportation and annihilation of European Jews)

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1942

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______ German invasion of the Soviet Union

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1941

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German invasion of Poland beginning World War II

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1939

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Building of the Berlin Wall

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1961

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______ Tearing down of the Berlin Wall

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1989

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______ Soviet Union ceases to exist

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1991

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______ Treaty of Rome creating European Economic Community

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1958

Front 46

______ Treaty of Maastricht enforced, creating European Union

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1992

Front 47

______ Euro notes and coins issued in so-called “eurozone”

Back 47

2002

Front 48

Darwin

Back 48

B. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
• Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species (1859) (ID 4)
• Natural selection- survival of the fittest
• Darwin’s The Descent of Man (1871) applied evolution by natural selection to humans

• Darwin’s theory cast doubt on the Creation
• Charles Darwin indicated inferiority of women in Descent of Man

Front 49

Bismarck

Back 49

• Bismarck’s “cultural struggle” against the Catholic Church
1884- Berlin Conference called by Bismarck to formally partition Africa
As Minister President of Prussia from 1862–1890, he oversaw the unification of Germany. In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. Bismarck designed the German Empire in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor and dominating its affairs until he was removed by Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II in 1890.

• Bismarck guided German policy until 1890 but insisted Germany was a satisfied power in 1871 and wanted no further territorial gains
• Bismarck tried maintaining positive relations with France and sought to prevent alliances between France and any other European nation.
• Bismarck attempted to bring Germany, Austria, and Russia together in 1873, called Three Emperor’s League
• Failed in 1877 due to Austro-Turkish rivalry which led to Russo-Turkish war
sets up triple alliance in 1882 with Italy and Austria

Front 50

Cavour

Back 50

o Still in 1850, Italy was a “geographical expression” and not a united political entity, but by 1860 it was a nation state because of Count Camillo Cavour:
• Cavour’s Policy:
o In 1852, Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Piedmont (independent state which served as a buffer between French and Austrian interests)
o He was not in favor of Romantic Republicanism, he was a monarchist more interested economic and material progress as goals of unification
o Thought that only a French intervention could defeat Austria and Unite Italy
 French Sympathies:
• Cavour gained respect for Piedmont through its involvement in the Crimean War and through his opposition of Mazzini
• When an Italian tried to assassinate Napoleon III, it brought the Italian Issue to his interest, and he met with Cavour in July 1858, plotting a war that would permit Italy to defeat Austria
 War with Austria:
• Piedmont mobilized its army in early 1859, Austria demanded that it demobilize on April 22
• Piedmont claimed that Austria was provoking a war, and France intervened to help its ally
• June 4: Austria defeated at Magenta, June 21: Austria defeated at Solferino
o The fighting caused revolutions across northern Italy
• July 11: Napoleon III concluded peace with Austria, Piedmont gained Lombardy (and later was joined by Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romagna), Austria kept Venetia
 Garibaldi’s Campaign:
• Cavour was now in a position to pursue complete unification of northern and southern Italy
• May 1860: Garibaldi captures Palermo in Sicily and by September controlled the Kingdom of Naples, wanted to attack the mainland
• Cavour rushed troops south, capturing the papal states except for Rome along the way, and defeated Garibaldi
• 1860: Sicily and Naples vote to join the Italian kingdom

Front 51

Freud

Back 51

F. The Birth of Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud (ID 10)
• 1933 Carl Jung Modern Man in Search of Soul disagreed with Freud, believed human subconscious contains inherited memories from previous generations
• Critics have claimed that Freud portrayed women as incomplete human beings

Front 52

Virginia Woolf

Back 52

10. Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalysis
• By 1897, theory of infantile sexuality
• 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams focused on unconscious in dreams
• The mind has conflict between the id, consisting of amoral, irrational, driving instincts, the superego, which embodies external moral imperatives and expectations imposed by society and culture, and the ego, which mediates between the other two

Front 53

Hindenburg

Back 53

March 13, 1932: Hindenburg defeats Hitler for German presidency
August 2, 1934: Death of Hindenburg
He dissolved the parliament twice in 1932 and eventually appointed Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933. In February, he issued the Reichstag Fire Decree which suspended various civil liberties, and in March he signed the Enabling Act, in which the parliament gave Hitler's administration legislative powers. Hindenburg died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and, as "Führer und Reichskanzler", made himself head of state.

Front 54

Leon Blum

Back 54

French politician, usually identified with the moderate left, and three times the Prime Minister of France. When the Germans occupied France in June 1940, Blum made no effort to leave the country, despite the extreme danger he was in as a Jew and a socialist leader; instead of fleeing the country, he escaped to southern France, but the French ordered his arrest.

Front 55

Stalin

Back 55

December 1, 1934: Assassination of Kirov leads to the beginning of Stalin’s purges
- Collectivization: The bedrock of Stalinist agriculture,, which forced Russian peasants to give up their private farms and work as members of collectives, large agricultural unites controlled by the state.
November 1929: Bukharin expelled from his offices in the Soviet Union; Stalin’s central position thus affirmed

o Stalin (right wing): continuation of NEP + slow industrialization
- Stalin = “socialism in one country”  could be achieved in Russia alone and success did not depend on fate of revolution elsewhere

Front 56

The Marshall Plan

Back 56

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to combat the spread of Soviet communism.

Front 57

The eurozone

Back 57

The eurozone ( pronunciation (help·info)), officially called the euro area,[8] is an economic and monetary union (EMU) of 17 European Union (EU) member states that have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender.