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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
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______was the last mass slave uprising
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Turner's revolt
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Old South
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The term refers to the slave-holding states between 1830 and 1860, when slave labor and cotton production dominated the economics of the southern states. This period is also known as the antebellum era.
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inequality was determined in 2 ways:
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class (differences in status resulting form unequal access to wealth and productive resources) and by caste (inherited advantages or disadvantages associated with racial ancestry)
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African Methodist Epsicopal (AME) church
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Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816 as the first independent black-run Protestant church in the United States. The AME Church was active in the promotion of abolition and the founding of educational institutions for free blacks
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Underground Railroad
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A network of safe houses organized by abolitionists (usually free blacks) to aid slaves in their attempts to escape slavery in the North or Canada
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Yeoman
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Southern small landholders who owned no slaves and who lived primarily in the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains. These farmers were self-reliant and grew mixed crops, although they usual did not produce a substantial amount to be sold on the market
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American Colonization Society
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Founded in 1817, this organization hoped to provide a mechanism by which slavery could be gradually eliminated. The society advocated the relocation of free blacks (followed by free slaves) to the African colony of Monrovia, present-day Liberia.
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The proslavery argument was based on 3 main propositions:
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-enslavement was the natural and proper status for people of African descent
-slavery was held to be sanctioned by the Bible and Christianity-a position made necessary by the abolitionist appeal to Christian ethics -efforts were made to show that slavery was consistent with the humanitarian spirit of the nineteenth century |
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cotton gin
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invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, this device for separating the seeds from the fibers of short-staple cotton enabled a slave to clean fifty times more cotton as by hand, which reduced production costs and gave new life to slavery in the South.
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The first major cotton-producing regions were:
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inland areas of Geogia and South Carolina
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most of the cotton went to supply:
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the booming textile industry of great britain
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deism
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the belief in a God who expressed himself through natural laws accessible to human reason
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Second Great Awakening
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A series of evangelical Protestant revivals that swept over America in the early nineteenth century
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temperance movement
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temperance-moderation or abstention in the use of alcoholic beverages-attracted many advocates in the early nineteenth century. Their crusade against alcohol became a powerful social and political force
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"separate spheres"
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the notion that women belonged in the home while the public sphere belonged to men
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Cult of Domesticity
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term used by historians to describe the dominant gender role for white women in the antebellum period. The ideology of domesticity emphasized the virtue of women as guardians of the home, which was considered their proper sphere
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one important explanation for the growing focus on childhood is:
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the smaller size of families
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the most influential spokesman for the common school movement
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Horace Mann
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most effective of all the pre-Civil War reformers
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Dorthea Dix
(prisons, asylums, and poorhouses) |
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hotbed of abolitionist sentiment
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northern ohio and western new york
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the most visible spokesman for the cause of abolitionism
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Liberty Party
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America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840
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Negro Convention Movement
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sponsored national meetings of black leaders beginning in 1830
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Was the abolitionist movement of the 1830's and 1840's a success or a failure?
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both
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_______ also served as a catalyst for the women's rights movement
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abolitionism
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Most famous antislavery women
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The Grimke sisters
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organized a new and independent movement for women's rights
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Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Seneca Falls Convention
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The first women's rights convention, held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, and cosponsored by women's rights reformers Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Delegates at the convention drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, patterned on the Declaration of Independence, but which declared that "all men and women are created equal"
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utopianism
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Between the 1830s and 1850s, hopes for societal perfection-utopia-were widespread among evangelical Christians as well as secular humanists
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Shakers
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A religious group, formally known as the United Society of Believers, that advocated strict celibacy, gender equality, and communal ownership
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Oneida Community
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Founded in 1848 in Oneida, New York, this Christian utopian community earned notoriety for institutionalizing a form of "free love"
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transcendentalism
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An American version of the romantic and idealist thought that emerged in Europe in the early nineteenth century, this literary and philosophical movement held that individuals could rise above material reality and ordinary understanding
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Brook Farm
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This transcendentalist commune, founded in Massachusetts in 1841, attracted many leading creative figures during its brief existence
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Young America
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In the 1840's and early 1850's, many public figures, especially younger members of the Democratic party, used this term to describe a movement that advocated territorial expansion and industrial growth in the name of patriotism
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Webster-Ashburton Treaty
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this 1842 agreement with Britain resolved the boundary dispute between Main and New Brunswick, Canada, setting the northeastern U.S. border
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rancheros
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large landowners of mexico
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Which president was the expansionist President
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Polk
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Tejanos
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Texas Mexicans
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Alamo
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In 1835, Americans living in the Mexican state of Texas fomented a revolution. Mexico lost the conflict, but not before its troops defeated and killed a group of American rebels at this fort in San Antonio.
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Oregon Trail
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the great overland route that brought the wagon trains of American migrants to the West Coast during the 1840s
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Leader of the Mormons
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Joseph Smith--died
then Brighmam Young |
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Manifest Destiny
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Coied in 1845, this term referred to a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on the beliefs that population growth demanded territorial expansion, that God supported American expansion, and that national expansion equaled the expansion of freedom.
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Which president initiated the politics of Manifest Destiny?
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John Tyler
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Mexican-American war
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Conflict (1846-1848) between the United States and Mexico after the U.S. annexation of Texas, which Meico still considered its own. As victor the United States acquired vast new territories from Mexico
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what was the most important single battle of the Mexican-American war?
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Cerro Gordo
April 17 && 18 1847 |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Signed in 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican-American war. Mexico relinquished its claims to Texas and ceded an additional 500,000 square miles to the United States for $15 MILLION
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The war with Mexico divided the American public and provoked ___________
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political dissension
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The discovery of ______in California in 1848 encouraged thousands of emigrants to move to the west coast
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gold
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by 1860, all the states east of _________had rail service
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the Mississippi
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Elias Howe
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invented the sewing machine
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Charles Goodyear
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discovered the process for vulcanizing rubber
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John Deere
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invented the steel plow
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Cyrus McCormick
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invented the mechanical reaper
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The larges sources of the new mass immigration were
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Ireland and Germany
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Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
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renewed agitation over the extension of slavery that led to Brooks' attack on Sumner
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What led to the emergence of the Republican party?
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sectional conflict
Kansas-Nebraska act |
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Missouri crisis of 1819-1820
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resulting Missouri Compromise line-----slavery allowed to expand westward but was discouraged or prohibited above the line of 36 30
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Wilmot Proviso
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backed by Northern Whigs because they shared the concern about the outcome of unregulated competition between slave and free labor in the territories
In 1846, shortly after the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced this controversial amendment stating that any lands won from Mexico would be closed to slavery |
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popular sovereignty
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the concept that the settlers of a newly organized territory have the right to decide (through voting) whether to accept slavery. Promoted as a solution to the slavery question, popular sovereignty became a fiasco in Kansas in the 1850s
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Election of 1848
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Democrats-Cass
Whigs-Zachary Taylor Free-Soil party-Van Buren |
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"great pacificator"
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henry clay
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Compromise of 1850
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This series of five congressional statutes temporarily calmed the sectional crisis. Among other things, the compromise made California a free state, ended the slave trade in D.C., and strengthened the fugitive slave law
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Fugitive Slave law
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Passed in 1850, this federal law made it easier for slave owners to recapture runaway slaves; it also made it easier for kidnappers to take free blacks
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nativism
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term used by historians to describe attitudes, actions, and policies that favor native populations over immigrants
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Kansas-Nebraska act
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This 1854 act repealed the Missour ompromise, split te Louisiana Purchase into two territories, and allowed its settlers o accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty. This act enflamed the slavery issue and led opponents to form the Republican party
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Ostend Manifesto
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Written by American officials in 1854, this secret memo-later dubbed a "manifesto"-urged the acquisition of Cuba by any means necessary. When it became public, Northeners claimed it was a plot to exten slaver and the manifesto was disavowed
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Know-Nothing party
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After the collapse of the Whig party in the 1850s, this anit-immigrant and anti-catholic party rose to national prominence Though the party enjoyed some success in local and state elections, it failed to sustain its existence
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Republican party
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Political party established following the enactment of the Kansas-nebraska Act in 1854. Republicans were opposed to the extension of slavery into the western territories
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Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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Dred Scott vs. Sanford
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chief justice Roger B. Taney
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Lecompton constitution
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in 1857, a fraudulently elected group of pro-slavery delegates met in Lecompton, Kansas, and drafted a state constitution. After bitter debate, congress narrowly denied Kansas' entry into the Union under this constititution
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Freeport Doctrine
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how could he reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision---Douglas
slavery could not exist without supportive legislation to sustain it and that territorial legislatures could simply refrain from passing a slave code |
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The Impending Crisis of the South
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Hinton Rowan Helper
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cooperationists
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In late 1860, southern secessionists debated 2 strategies: unilateralal secession by each state or "cooperative" secession by the South as a whole. The cooperationists lost the debate
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first states to secede
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South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Geogia, Louisiana, Texas
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Crittenden compromise
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Faced with the specter of secession and aware, congress tried and failed to resolve the sectional crisis in the months between Lincoln's election and inauguration. The leading proposal, introduced by Kentucky senator John Crittenden, would have extended the Missour compromise line west to the Pacific
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2nd group of states to secede
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Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina
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anaconda policy
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a key point in the unions war strategy was encircling the south as ann anaconda squeezes its prey. This plan entailed a naval blockade an the capture of the mississippi river cooridoor
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first battle of the war
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Bull Run
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Emancipation Proclamation
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on January 1, 1863, Presiden Lincoln proclaimed that the slaves of the Confederacy were free. Since the South had not yet beed defeated, the proclamation did not immediately free anyone, but it made emancipation an explicit war aim of the North
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Copperheads
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Northern Deocrats suspected of being indifferent or hostile to the Union cause in the Civil War
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surrender?
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Appamatox Courthouse
April 9th |
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t Zachary Taylor?
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second whig president
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What do the whigs stand for?
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support the american system--they want an activist government that will grow the economy and will regulate people's morals; the Whigs are activists and interventionists
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Second Great Awakening was?
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encourages American Christians as free moral agents
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Election of 1844
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associated with Manifest Destiny
-Brings James K. Polk into presidency |
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four positions on slavery in the west?
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missouri compromise-democrats
wilmot proviso-republican -extend missouri compromise -southern rights |
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2 types of southern democtats
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planter class
plain folk |
