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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ancient Egyptian Timeline
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Pre-Dynastic Period (5300-3100)
Dynastic Period (3100-2686) Old Kingdom Egypt (2686-2150) First Intermediate Period (2150-2050) Middle Kingdom Egypt (2050-1650) Second Intermediate Period (1650-1550) New Kingdom Egypt (1550-1075) |
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Who are Wad Dell and Petrie?
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Argued that the Sumerians taught Egyptians how to write and farm among other skills, but today we understand the transition to civilization in Egypt came from the SOUTH
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What has climate change done?
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Climate change paved the way for civilization in Egypt. Right at the end of the last Ice Age (12,000 years ago), Egypt was completely inundated in water, when it dried, population nudged N in Africa
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Nile Delta
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named by Greeks after their letter
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Why is Upper Egypt actually in the South?
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The Nile runs North
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Nubia
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Directly South, very important to Egypt, cattle raids, human raids, get dial right here
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Nibia
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directly West to Egypt
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What is the Nile River basis of for Egypt?
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Calendar, economy, transportation, communication
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Memphis
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National capitol of Egypt, mainly during Old Kingdom period
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How is Pre-Dynastic Period (5300-3100) dramatically different from other Egyptian periods?
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No political unity
Populations centers in South (Nile was sparsely settled) : Abydos, Naqada, Hierakonpolis |
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Who unified Egypt for the first time in 3100?
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Narmer
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What is the Narmer Pallette?
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Artwork that shows Narmer conquering enemies
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Saqqara Tablet
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List of all pharaohs from dynasties 1-19, 1st 5 pharaohs were omitted
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Where were pharaohs buried in the 1st and 2nd dynasties?
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Mastaba Tombs, in the royal cemetery in Abydos
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What was clear in the 1st and 2nd dynasties?
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Egyptian craftsmen and goldsmith were skilled, even in this early point, Ivory&Copper
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Royal Cemetery of Abydos?
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There were sacrificial burials, pharaohs were accompanied in their burials, *Ana was buried w/ 25 people and several lions that were choked
**best evidence of human sacrifice taken place in Egypt |
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Characteristics of Old Kingdom Period
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1. time of great prosperity: tax system, pyramids
2. very peaceful: didn't have national army, didn't feel threatened, if they needed force, used civic militias 3. very isolationist: believed they had everything they needed in Egypt, didn't want entangling alliances 4. High Value on Tradition |
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What were the Major Accomplishments/Developments of Old Kingdom Period?
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1. Political unification (3000BC)
2. Memphis, stable capitol 3. tax system 4. one exception to isolationism, Byblos 5. Writing (Hieroglyphs) 6. High point of Egyptian Sculpture 7. 104 still stand pyramids, 95 built in this period 8. Urbanizations 9. Medical Advances |
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What did the Egyptians get from Byblos?
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Building materials (cedar trees for ships) Resin for embalming
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What was the last known year for someone writing in Hieroglyphic text?
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394 AD
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When did Egyptians gain control of Nubia?
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Old Kingdom Period
Gave E's access to resources in South Africa |
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Hyksos
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Invaded Egypt in the middle second millennia BC: introduced horses and chariots for the first time, also metal and bronze work, and musical instruments//lutes
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Egyptian Calendar
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Not based on time elapsed after certain event, Calendar based on passed years of current pharaoh reign
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Worker's Quarters
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area that housed the laborers of the Giza Plateau
Proved the builders of pyramids were native Egyptians |
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What was the age of pyramid building?
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Old Kingdom Period
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Step Pyramid
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Built in 27th cent. 3rd Dynasty
Located @ Saqqara, built for Djoser Architect=Imhotep |
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Imhotep
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Architect of Step pyramid
Later seen as healer, seen as deity after death |
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What was the first pyramid to have the true pyramid shape?
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Red Pyramid
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Herodotus
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gave description of who built pyramids, imported foreign slaves, Egyptians brought them in and compelled them by force
HE WAS WRONG |
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Zahi Hawass
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Egyptologist who says Native Egyptians built pyramids, felt it was their duty.
20,000 Egyptians over 20 years |
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What year did the Old Kingdom period end?
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2150 BC
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What were the factors that ended the Old Kingdom period in 2150 BC?
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1. Extravagant spending (pharaohs)
2. Famine 3. Nubia and its resources were lost 4. Regional Leaders (NOMARCHS) acting independently |
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What years were the First Intermediate Period?
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2150-2050 BC
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What happened in the First Intermediate Period?
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Chaos, civil war, memphis broke down, gov. lost control, cities acting completely independent
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What 2 cities emerged in 2050?
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Thebes and Herakleoples
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Mentuhotep
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King of Thebes who caused it to overcome Herakleoples, marked end of the 1st Intermediate Period
-Reconquest of Nubia, drew Nomarchs back underneath |
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Senusret
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Sponsored a drainage project, to clear up areas for harvest.
example of Middle Kingdom pharaohs caring more about people |
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What distinguishes the Middle Kingdom period?
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Golden age of Egyptian literature
" jewelry making less isolated Egypt |
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What caused Hyksos coming into Egypt?
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Foreign people begin to filter into Egypt during 17th 16th centuries from the N and Palestine. Bc of porous borders, around 1650 hoards began to pour in by group of people known as Hyksos
(Middle Kingdom Period) |
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2nd Intermediate Period
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Hyksos take over. 1st time Egypt has ever been subdued by foreign people
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Developments that tell us where Hyksos people came from?
(That isn't Palestine) |
Avaris- Hyksos capital. Archaeologists found horse bones, the horses that were from Kurdistan, so maybe Hyksos are from there.
Amada Stele- Royal inscription that dates to 15th century BC, list of various peoples that lived N of Egyptians. One of peoples were the "REtenu" (Palestinians) another group, Hka Hasut (Hyksos) so Egyptians saw Hyksos&Palestinians as 2 different peoples |
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What capital did the Hyksos found?
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Avaris, then took control of Memphis, continued to move South taking control of entire country
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How were Hyksos technologically above Egyptians?
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1. Bronze Metallurgy
2. Musical instruments 3. Chariots and horses 4. Vertical Loom 5. Body armor and better weapons 6. New crops |
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Who was the leader of the movement in 1550 against the Hyksos?
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Kamuse (Thebes)---- He initiated liberation but his brother AHMOSE I, was responsible for moving them out
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What did the Hyksos do?
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Pulled Egyptians out of their superiority complex
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What were the 18th dynasty pharaohs often called?
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Warrior kings, main objective was to make sure country never has to go through Hyksos situation again
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Ways of Horus
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Military road Egyptians built from the E all the way to N Kamen, every 18 miles or so, built a military fortress
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Kap School
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Schools designed for sons of Egyptian nobles, but in the NEW KINGDOM, they would kidnap older sons of Palestine rule and put them in Kap School to learn how good it was to be an Egyptian. When father died, they sent them back to Palestine, back in power like the Egyptians
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1200 BC
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One of the most important turning points in history
End of the Bronze Age |
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What brought the end of the Bronze Age?
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Arrival of Sea Peoples- Began to destroy everything in sight
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Who are the sea peoples?
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Tjekker (Sicily)
Lukka (SW ANATOLIA) Peleset (Philistines) Caphtor (Crete) Meshwesh (Kos) |
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What did the sea peoples do?
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Created a reign of terror for about 75 years (1225-1150)
Entire cities and civilizations declined because of Sea Peoples: Mycenians, Thebes, Terrance, Pylos (all 4 great greek kingdoms destroyed) Hattusas, Cyprus |
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How did the sea peoples destroy?
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Destroyed by fire, torching cities after looting them of their treasures
evidence is charred wood, ash, burnt brick, slag |
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When did the sea peoples destroy?
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1225-1150
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Why did the sea peoples destroy?
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Migrations&Invasions
Some theories; earthquake, drought or NAVE II- New iron sword (1250) |
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What was a positive result of the Sea Peoples?
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Opening up of Palestinian region.
B/W 1400-1200 Syro-Palestianian region was a battleground b/w Egyptians and Hittites. W/ Seapeoples arrival Egyptians had to pull back Ways of Horus |
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What are significances of opening up of Palestinian region?
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Start to see new groups:
Phoenicians Israelites Philistines |
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Philistines
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Seen as most successful sea people. Arrive from crete on boats and began to settle on Coastal Souther cities on Cane.
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Philistine Pentapolis
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1. Ashdad
2. Ashkelon 3. Gath 4. Gaza 5. Ekron |
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Why did Philistines have upper hand in battles against Israelites?
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They had bronze weapons, while Israelites used farm tools
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Battle of Apher?
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1050 BC
Most significant battle b/w Philistine and Israel Ark of covenant was captured by Philistines, Shiloh is destroyed. This defeat convinced Israelites to do something different, otherwise be a distinct race -The event that pushed tribes of Israel- |
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Phoenicians
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1200 BC
curious group of people, enigmatic highly criticized by some of their contemporaries: kidnappers, sacrificing their children, prostituting their daughters / also praised for: ship building, sea faring, exploring |
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What was the homeland of the Phoenicians?
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Just North of Philistine Pentapolis or modern day Lebanon
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Thalassocracy
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State/Political entity with economy that was dependent on the seas
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What were the 5 most important Phoenician cities?
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1. Byblos- earliest
2. Sidon- 2nd mil. 3. Tyre (Iron Age) 4. Arrad 5. Berytus- ancient name of Berut all completely independent of one another, no Phoenician state saw other Phoenician cities as rivals each city had its own king |
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Why do we lump the Phoenician cities together?
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1. Geography
2. Pantheon 3. Language: Their language was Semitic, similar to Hebrew, was a NW dialect of Semitic language |
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What did the Phoenicians invent?
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The alphabet, 1st script where each sign had its own sound
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Abjab
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aplphabet w/out voels
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What are some achievements of Phoenicians?
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Inventors of several ships: Bireme, Trireme
First people who sailed to Britain (its tin!) 1st to sail into the Atlantic |
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Parahaiba Inscription
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found in Brazil
discovered in 1900's, then thought it was fake, then authentic again b/c of Cyrus Gordon |
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What were the sources of Phoenician History?
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Assyrian: In process of conquering them, talked about quality of ships
Old Testament: dim view of Phoenicians, they couldn't help Israelites& worshipped wrong god Classical greek Temples Tophet: Sacrificed children, and buried here Underwater Archaeology |
