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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What encouraged new ways of thinking during the scientific Revolution?
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Technical problems that required careful observation
New instruments(telescope, microscope) |
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What was Copernicus' view of the universe?
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Universe was heliocentric-the sun is the center, other planets revolve around it, the moon revolves around the earth
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Kepler's First Law?
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The orbits of planets are eliptical, not round
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What did Galileo discover about the heavenly bodies?
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They were made by material substances
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What book did Isaac Newton write?
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Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
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Why was the universal law of gravitation important to Isaac Newton's argument?
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One law could explain the universe
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What are Newton's Three Laws of motion?
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-every object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an equal or unbalanced force
-for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction -Force = Mass x Acceleration |
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What did William Harvey write? What did he show and prove about the human body?
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'On the Motion of the Heart and Blood'
Showed and proved that blood goes through circuits |
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What did Andreas Vesalius write? What did he present ?What idea did he cling to?
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"The Fabric of The Human Body"
Presented a careful and accurate representation of the human body Clung to two types of blood |
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What is Francis Bacon credited with? What did he believe science and the scientific method could do?
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He was credited with creating the scientific method in Europe.
He believed science and the scientific method could control and dominate nature. |
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Robert Boyle was the first to do what? What did his law state?
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He was first to conduct a controlled experiment.
His law stated that the volume of gas varies with the amount of pressure applied on it |
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What were the reasons for exploration?
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Europeans were cut off by Muslims
Adventurers wanted to convert natives to Christianity Granduer, glory, and the spirit of adventure |
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Where did Portugal begin exploring first?
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The west coast of Africa
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Who found a route to India by sailing around the Cape Of Good Hope?
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Vasco De Gama
Bartholemeu Diaz |
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What happened when the Portugese returned to Calcutta?
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It was still a limited trading empire
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Why was Portugal a limited trading empire?
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It did not have the resources to colonize the Asian regions
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Who was the explorer that convinced Queen Isabella to fund his expedition?
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Christopher Columbus
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What is the Treaty of Tordesilla?
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An agreement between Spain and Portugal so that they would not claim each other's territories
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What is the line of demarcation?
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Line north to south through the Atlantic Ocean
Spain- west Portugal- east |
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Who was John Cabot?
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He explored New England coast lines.
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Who was Amerigo Vespucci?
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Letters by him led to the naming of the Americas
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Who was Hernan Cortes?
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He overthrew the Aztecs in 3 years
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Who was Francisco Pizarro?
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He conquered the Incan empire
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What was the impact of colonization?
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-Natives were not protected
-Natives were forced to work on sugar plantations and gold/silver mines -Natives endured harsh labor and starvation -They got diseases - Their political and social structures were destroyed |
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Know the economic impact of colonization
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a. Colombian Exchange
exchange of plants and animals b. Mercantilism theory formulated due to increased trade, wealth depended on gold and silver c. The encouraging of exports favorable balance of trade subsidized industries tariffs on imported goods in order to keep them out of the country |
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Why were African slaves shipped to the Carribean?
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sugar cane plantations demanded much labor
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What were the reasons for using Africans as slaves?
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They were less likely to escape because they did not know the area
They were already exposed to diseases & had farming experience |
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What was the Middle Passage?
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Voyage taken by Africans to the Americas
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What were the consequences of the slave trade?
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Africa's population decreased
War increased in Africa African cultures and societies destroyed Aided in the cultural development of America |
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What were the three characteristics of Renaissance Italy?
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-Largely urban society & secular
-Age of recovery from disasters -New emphasis on individual ability |
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What were the three main city states of Italy?
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Milan, Florence, Venice
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Explain Milan
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Brought in revenue
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Explain Florence
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Cultural center of Italy
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Explain Venice
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Trading empire
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What family was known for supporting the arts in Florence? Who originally controlled Florence? Who was control eventually given to?
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The Medici Family
Cosimo De' Medici Lorenzo De'Medici |
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What is the classic scholarship of Humanism?
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The ability to read, understand, and appreciate the writings of the ancient world
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Who was the father of humanism?
What did he write and what was it about? |
Francesco Petrarch
he wrote My secret struggles to achieve spiritual peace due to the temptations of fame and love |
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What did Boccacio write?
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The Decameron
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What was the Decameron about?
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Young Florentines who fled during the Black Plague
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What was Civic Humanism?
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Participation in public affairs was neccessary for full human development.
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What were the 2 major developments in painting?
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Stressed the technical aspect of painting
Investigation of human anatomy and movement |
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Who created the first Renaissance masterpiece?
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Massaccio
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What did Donatello sculpt? What did his transformation of sculptures lead to?
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The Bronze David
led to an idealized representation of the human body |
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Who were the two female artists of the Renaissance? What were they famous for?
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Sofanisba Anguissola- portraits of her sisters and of King Phillip 2 of Spain
Artemisa Guilesschemi- strong, heroic women |
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What did Albrect Durer produce? What did they focus on?
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Woodcuts and engravings; they focused on myths, landscapes, and religion
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What was the significance of portraits by Hans Holbien?
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They were very realistic, almost photographic in nature
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What technique did Jan Van Eyck use and what did it create
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Layers of oil paints to create subtle colors
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What was Peter Bruegel good at portraying?
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Large groups of people
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What did Baldassare Castiliogne write?
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'The book of the courtier' A book about the characteristics of a perfect noble
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Who authored 'The Prince' and what did it argue?
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Niccolo Machiavelli and it argued that ethics and morals got in the way of being a good leader.
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What did Dante write?
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'The Divine Comedy' a story of the souls journey to salvation
Hell Purgatory Heaven |
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What did Chaucer write? What language was it written in and what was it about?
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Canterbury Tales in English about 29 pilgrams, it was significant because it displayed all social classes.
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What did Christine De Pizan write? What language was it written in and what group did she defend? What did she argue?
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"Book of The City of the Ladies" written in French defending women- they could be just as smart as men if they were schooled.
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Who was the most well known playwright during the Elizabethian Age? What did his works display and reveal?
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William Shakespeare
His works displayed and revealed a masterful command of the english language |
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Who perfected the printing press? What did it allow a printer to do?
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Johann Gutenburg
allowed the printer to make hundreds of copies of one book |
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During the Protestant Revolution, why did people begin to exhibit anti clericalism ?
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Popes were acting more like princes than popes and they weren't really meeting the spiritual needs of the people.
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What were the social, political, economic, and religious causes of the Reformation?
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Social
the printing press and Christian Humanists Political powerful monarchs were challenging the church, the leaders viewed the pope as a foreign leader Economic royalty was envious of the church's wealth and nobody liked being taxed by the church Religious some church leaders were corrupt many found church practices unacceptable |
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What did Martin Luther post on the church door
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95 theses that showed what is wrong with the church
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How did Pope Leo X respond to Luther's criticism? Who issued the Edict of Worms and what did it do?
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He exocommunicated Luther from the church
Charles V issued the Edict of worms which made him an outlaw. |
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What were the characteristics of the Lutheran faith?
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-justification
-bible>all -2 sacraments, bible and eucharist -clergy can marry |
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Who was John Calvin? What did he publish?
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A theologian who fled to Switzerland to avoid persecution
published institutes of Christian religion |
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What were the characteristics of Calvinism?
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-justification and predestination
-clergy can marry -people can preach -consistancy court |
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Who were the Anabaptists? What were their beliefs regarding baptism? What was their opinion on the government and it's role in religion?
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Radicals who believed church was voluntary adults who had been baptized
Government should stay out of religion |
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Why did the English Reformation occur?
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King Henry wanted to divorce his non-bearing wife Catherine of Aragon
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What was the Act of Supremacy?
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King had control over everything
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Who founded the Jesuits?
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Ignatious of Loyola
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