History Exam 1

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95 thesis

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document written by Martin Luther denouncing the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church

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Protestant Reformation

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16th centurey European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli and others broke away from the Catholic Church

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Calvinism

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Protistant community that believed in the theory of predestination and the all-awesome power of God

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Institutes of the Cristian Religion

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Influential treatise written by Calvin that presented Protestant teachings as a coherent and organized package

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Mathimatical Principals of natural Philosophy

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Arguement by Copernicus that the sun and not the earth was the center of the universe

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Henry VII

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Ruled England from 1509-1547 and institued the Anglican church after the pope said he could not get a divorce

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Catholic Reformation

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Contrast to the Protestant reformation, Catholics tried to clarify the differences between Catholics and Protestant beliefs, persuade Protestants to return to the Catholicism, and to deepen the sense of spirtuality and commitment to their Church

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Charles V

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Ruled HRE 1519-1556. Devoted to squelching Lutheran movements and putting down imperial princes

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Jesuit order

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Founded by St. Ignatious of Loyola, order of highly educated priests who were effective missionaries and advisors to kings and rulers

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witches sabbath

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commonly held theory that witches would fly off to a gathering that featured devil worship

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Netherlands

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involved in Thirty Years War when they revolted against king of Spain

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Thirty Years War

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Religious war 1618-48. occured when HRE tried to force his Boheimian subjects to return to Catholicism

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New Monarchs

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during 15th and 16th centuries, rulers of England, France, and Spain gathered resources, curbed nobility, and built strong centralized regimes

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spanish inquisition

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Fernando and Isabel in 1478 tried to ferret out those secertly practicing Judaism and also detected Protestant heresay in Spain

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Charles I

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1641 he and parliament raised armies against each other in regards to kings ability to raise taxes without parliaments approval

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L'etat c'est mio

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phrase used by Louis XIV declaring that he was the state

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cardinal Richelieu

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worked to undermine noble athority and enhance kings power over France

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Louis XIV

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King of France (1643-1715) surronded himself with wealth and indulgances- sun king

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peace of Westphaia

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treaty that ended the 30 years war. European states regarded each other as independant soverign states

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Peter I

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tsar (1682-1725)- vision of transforming Russia into great military power. Peter the Great

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Catherine II

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called for reform and development in Russia- amoung peasants. met challenges to her rule which slowed efforts

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Pugachev Rebellion

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Russia in 1774. peasants and exiles rose against nobility and killed thousands before stopped

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balance of power

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european nations formed coalition against those who got too powerful

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joint-stock companies

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large trading companies spread risks attached to expensive businesses enterprises and took advantage of market condition to make profit from their activities

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Dutch VOC

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Dutch trading company part of joint-stock companies. principal foundation of global economy that emerged

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English east india company

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large english trading company part of joint-stock companies. principal foundation of global economy that emerged

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putting out system

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process in which raw unprocessed goods sent to countryside where inhabitants would finish product. then sent to market to be sold

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serf

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peasants who were tied to land and owed obligation to lords who owned land

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Adam Smith

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scottish philosopher who thought that society would prosper when individuals sought their own economic interest

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Ptolomey

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greek scholar from 2nd century known as almagest. earth motionless where 9 spheres orbited around it

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copernicus

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polish astronimer- said sun was center of universe and planets orbited it

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Isaac Newton

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English mathimatition- found gravity

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Enlightenment

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abandonment of previous veiws in search of scientific answers

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Voltaire

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french philosopher- resented persecutions of religious minorities and royal censorship

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John Locke

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English philosopher- people more rights and king should be responsible for constituents.

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spanish conquest of mexico

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Cortes conquered Tenochtitlan, aztec capital

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encomienda

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command a group. place where population under control of a spaniard.

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smallpox

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disease released by spainards that killed tens of thousands is tenochtitlan

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columbian excange

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global diffusion of plants, crops, animals, humans, and disease that spread after Columbus' voyages

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taino

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first peoples in americas to meet columbus

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inca

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native peruvians who suffered pizarro's conquest. smallpox

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aztec

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mexican empire conquered by cortes

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Motechuzoma II

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aztec ruler who was friendly to cortes thinking him a god, then was killed by cortes

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atahualpa

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inca ruler- delivered gold to pizarro then killed

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viceroy

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king's rep in america that king tried to keep in check by reviews in court known as audencias

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audencias

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heard appeals against viceroy's performance at end of terms

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brazil

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portugese established colonies where sugar plantations discovered

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sugar

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crop that made portugese brazil flourish in mid 1500s

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jamestown

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colonial establishment in america that relied heavily on provisions from europe. colonials resorted to extremes when shortages occured

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new france

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american colony that was won by england after 7 years war

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mestizo (metis)

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spanish and native offspring

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potosi silver mine

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important mine in peru that boosted spanish economy

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quinto

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1/5th of mexican and peruvian silver production reserved for spanish monarchy

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engenho

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brazilian sugar mill

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fur trade

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native americans traded fur to europeans for manufactured goods

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virgin of guadalupe

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mother mary that mestizo society took on as almost a national symbol after mid 1600s

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triangular trade

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trade between europe (finished products), africa (slaves), and america (american products bound for europe)

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terra australis incognita

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unknown suothern land- thought to balance out northern landmasses

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philippines

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ruled by spanish

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guam

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huge trade with Chamorro people

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songhay empire

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dynasty (960-1279) marked by increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society

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goa

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portugese trading post in india

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timbuktu

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commercial and cultural centers of mali and songhay empires

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sunni ali

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songhay ruler (1464-93)- elaborate administrative and military, created imperial navy, controled timbuktu and jenne

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swahili decline

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portugese gama dominate swahili ports

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kongo

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commercial relations with portugese. king converted to christianity

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ndongo

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angolan kingdom that reached peak under queen nzinga

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afonso I

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king of kongo who tried to convert subjects to christianity

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queen nzinga

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resisted portugese tried to drive out portugese

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syncretic islam

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hybrided islam to african

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fulani

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west africans who observed strict islam

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dona beatriz

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thought jesus was black, kongo true holyland of christianity, and heaven is for africans

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middle passage

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route slave ships went. 1/4 slaves died on voyage

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olaudah epuino

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freed slave wrote book detailing life as slave and free man

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ming dynasty

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restored native rule to china

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hongwu

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founder of ming dynasty

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qing dynasty

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reached peak under kangxi and qianlong

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manchus

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nomads whose remote ancestors traded with chinasince qin dynasty

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kanxi

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confusion scholar and conqueror

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quinlong

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grandson of kangxi

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examination system in china

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opened door to honor, power, and rewards- encouraged pursuit of formal education

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filial piety

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loyalty not only to father but to emperor

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neo-confucianism

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tried to merge confucianism with buddism

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matteo ricci

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italian jesuit who founded cristian mission in china

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sengoku

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16th century era known as "country at war"

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nagasaki

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important japanese port

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ukiyo

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entertainment and pleasure quarters full of teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths. Known as the “floating worlds.”

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edo

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Japanese town where the shogun made the diamyo maintain their families so as to tighten his control over them.

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kabuki

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- 17th century form of theater which featured several acts of lively and brawdy skitswhere stylized acting combined with lyric singing, dancing, and spectacular staging.

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bunraku

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puppet theater

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francis xavier

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Jesuit missionary who opened the first Roman Catholic mission in 1549 which had success for the first few decades.

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dutch learning

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Dutch merchants trading in Nagasaki brought information of the outside world to Japan in 1639. A small number of Japanese scholars learned Dutch and gained this knowledge.

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ottoman empire

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(1289- 1923) Named for its founder Osman Bey who was chief of a band of Turks who migrated northwestern and began taking over land.

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safavid empire

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started by Shah Ismail who marched on the city of Tabriz and proclaimed himself the ruler. From there he began to expand his empire. Also proclaimed the official religion to be Twelver Shiism.

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mughal empire

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in 1526 Zahir al-Din Muhammad (the Tiger), a Turk, took over India. By the time he died in 1530, he had an empire that stretched from Kabul through the Punjab to the borders of Bengal.

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ghazi

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spreading islam by fighting infidels

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janissaries

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conquered boys forced to join military

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osman bey

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founder of ottoman empire

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mehmed the conqueror

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Ottoman emperor who captured Constantinople in 1453. He also created an absolute monarchy and expanded the Ottoman empire further than any of the previous emperors.

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suleyman the magnificant

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imperialism reached its peak under his rule of the Ottoman empire. He expanded the empire as well and killed the king of Hungary in 1526.

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yeni cheri

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Janissaries or those conquered who joined the military.

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shah ismail

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(1501-1524) Emperor of the Safavid empire who at the age of 14 took control of the city of Tabriz.

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twelver shiism

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branch of Islam that held that there was twelve infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad. The twelfth, or hidden, of tehm had gone into hiding to escape persecution. The Twelver Shiites believe that the twelfth is still alive and will one day return to take power and spread the true religion.

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qizilbash

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(means red heads) Ismail’s father make his followers wear a red hat with twelve pleats in memory of the twelve Shiite imam’s and they were called the qizilbash.

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battle of chaldrain

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Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and thousands of janissaries with firearms to attack Tabriz. Thousands of qizilbash died because they and Ismail did not believe in gunpowder. The two empires were locked in conflict for the next two centuries.

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shah abbas the great

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Safavid emperor who opened his empire up to outside trade, reformed the administrative and military institutions in the empire as well as move the capital to a more central location of Isfahan.

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barbur the tiger

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founder of the Mughal empire. Took control of almost the entire Indian subcontinent.

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aurangzeb

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the Mughal empire reached its greatest extent under this emperor. He was a devote Muslim who imposed Islam on his subjects. Made Hindus pay tax in hopes to convert them.

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roxelana

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also named Hurrem Sultana. One of Suleyman the Magnificant’s (Mughal empire) concubines, whom he was infatuated with. He referred to her on state policies and other such things.

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mahd-e olya

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wife of a shah tried to reduce the power of the qizilbash. She got killed for her efforts.

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islamic- american food exchange

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the Columbian exchange brought American crops such as coffee and tobacco to Islamic empires.

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divine faith

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Akbar tried to elaborate his “divine faith,” which emphasized loyalty to the emperor while borrowing eclectically from different religious traditions.

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dhimmi

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a status of conquered non-muslims to be protected people.

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jazya

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a special tax the dhimmi had to pay to be protected.

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millet

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autonomous religious communities who retained their own civil laws, traditions, and languages.

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istanbul

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capital of ottoman empire

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ishafan

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capital of safavid empire

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fatehpur sikri

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one of the many cities that blended the traditions of Central Asia and Hindu architecture. Served as Akbar’s capital for 16 years.

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suleymaniye

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mosque that blended Islamic and Byzantine architecture.

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taj mahal

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the most famous of Mughal monuments was built by some 20 thousand workers over 18 years. It is a huge mosque and tomb make of white marble.

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ibrahim the crazy

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was an example of problem ruler who taxed and spent so much of it that government officials deposed him and killed him.

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the franks

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what muslims called europeans

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printing press in islamic empires

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after jewish refugees first introduced the printing press to Anatolia in the late 15th century, Islamic authorities said they could print things as long as they were not in Turkish. It was not until 1729 that the government lifted this ban.