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132 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Seizure of most of Northern Italy by the Kingdom of Piedmont
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1859
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Seizure of southern/central Italy by Piedmont with Rome remaining under the Pope's control. Kingdom of Italy established under the King of Piedmont.
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1861
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Germany went to war with Austrai over German unification with Italy as its closest ally-with the German victory the Austrians gave up Venetia which became part of a united Italy (excluding Rome)
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1866
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War broke out between Germany and France and as the French troops were forced to withdraw Rome was seized by Italian troops completing Italian unification. Pope Pius IX gave up political rights but was given the Vatican, a seperate country.
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1870
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The Liberal government made the mistake of raising tariffs (import duties) on foreign goodst to protect Italiant home-made goods and European countries introduced their own tariffs, devastating Italian trade
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1887
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Massive economic depression in Italy caused unemployment and social distress
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1890
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3 Italian banks were bankrupted
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1893
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Social unrest became so widespread in Italy that martial law had to be imposed in 4 provinces
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1894
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The Socialist party was formed
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1895
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Social unrest was widespread due to poverty and 40,000 troops had to be used to restore order in Sicily on two occasions
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1893 and 1898
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The Italians suffered a humiliating defeat at Adowa when it attempted to expand its control into Ethiopia (Abyssinia)
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1896
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Italy joined the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany, giving it some diplomatic security
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1882
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Conquest of Libya expanded the Italian Empire in Africa
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1911
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Universal male suffrage introduced in Italy by Giolitti (for all men aged 30 years and over), increasing the electorate from 3 million to over 8 million, so the electorate could no longer be as easily bribed and manipulated as in the 19th century. This led to the emergence of a new era of mass movement politics which was out of control of the liberal politicians.
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1912
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Victor Emmanuel III king of Italy
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1900-1946
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The Republican Party was created with a political agenda not unlike that of the radicals (for political reasons they were generally unable to work together)
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1895
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Financially fragile railway system nationalised
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1905
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Filippo Turati, the leading socialist at the time, declined to join Giolitti's government due to bitter feelings amongst the working class about government suppression of union activity-although some socialists were prepared to be bribed this divided the PSI (socialist party)
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1903
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The Papacy, frightened by the growth of socialism, had relaxed the prohibition on Catholic participation in Italian politics known as the 'non-expedit' that had been issued in 1881 by Pope Leo XIII
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1904
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The Gentiloni Pact-the Catholic Electoral Union sought guarantees on educational issues and attitudes to divorce before it recommended Catholics to vote for individual liberal candidates
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1913
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Nationalist party emerged as a political force
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In the years immediately before 1914
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The Italian government (led by Antonio Salandra and his Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino) opened negotiations with France and Britain, as negotiations with Austria had produced only minimal concessions of territory, and signed the Treaty of London creating an alliance with Britain and France
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April 1915
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The intervention in the First World War split the Liberal party and the country and Antonio Salandra's government fell after his hopes were dashed for a short war which would strengthen the Liberal state
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June 1916
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Italian defeat in the Battle of Caporetto in which the Austrians, stiffened by the presence of German troops, ended the stalemate by breaking through Italian lines, throwing the Italian army back 160 km and taking 300,000 prisoners
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October 1917
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Food riots in Turin had to be put down by the military leading to 50 deaths
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1917
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Italian victory at Vittorio Veneto as the Italians mounted a full-scale assault on Austrian lines sweeping on unopposed
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October 1918
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Catholic political party, the Popular Party (PPI) or Popolari, founded
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January 1919
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First meeting of the Fascist movement
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March 1919
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The Treaty of Versailles (decided at the Paris Peace Conference) failed to award any German colonies to Italy, Italy did not benefit from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire and did not receive the Dalmation coastline or Fiume (as Britain and France felt it was vital to the new state of Yugoslavia). However, Italy did make solid territorial gains of 14,500 square kilometres and gained the regions of Trentino, South Tyrol, Istria, North Dalmatia and Trieste.
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June 1919
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Treaty of St Germain with Austria provided limited territorial gains for Italy
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September 1919
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Seizure of Fiume by the Italian nationalist, war hero and poet, Gabriele D'Annunzio, who occupied it with 2000 armed followers for 15 months, showing nationalist strength in comparison to Liberal weaknesses
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September 1919
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The aged and experienced Giovanni Giolitti became Prime Minister (taking over from Francesco Nitti) and acted more decisively, seeking a way out of the Fiume crisis by negotitiating with the newly formed state of Yugoslavia, the rival claimant to Fiume-a compromise was reached in the Treaty of Rapallo
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November 1920
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The occupation of Fiume was ended by Italian military action against its Italian occupiers which added to popular anger against Giolitti's government
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Christmas Day 1920
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Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister 1917-9, prompted by the many sacrifices brought about by the war and anxious to win the support of those who had fought in it, introduced universal male suffrage-this extension of the franchise was particularly helpful to the socialists
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December 1918
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Prime Minister, Francesco Nitti, seeking to block the extremist parties, fundamentally altered the arrangements for electing the Chamber of Deputies to one using proportional representation, based on party lists of candidates in 54 giant constituencies
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1919
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First post-war general election, held under Nitti's new arrangements, was a disaster for the liberals-the socialists became the largest party, and the PSI and the PPI cecame the dominant parties in the Chamber, so the Liberals could no longer rule alone and yet the socialists and Catholics were unable to work toegther so the liberals had to form unstable coalitions with great difficulty, especially as there were divions within the Liberal party. However, on a more positive note the Fascists failed to win a single seat.
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November 1919
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Giolitti made a series of deals with the Popolari and formed a coalition with them-but his anti-clerical past made for fraught relations with their leader, a Catholic priest, Luigi Sturzo
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June 1920
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In a revolutionary move, the trade unions in Turin set up factory committees that asserted their right to control production
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1920
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The Occupation of the Factories-bgean as a dispute over wages but ended with 400,000 engineering owrkers taking over their factories leading the industrialists to believe a revolution had started (Giolitti intervened and ended the occupations but only after he had given the unions a promise of influence in industry)
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September 1920
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Biennio Rossi (Red Years)-trade union activity revived, a series of strikes and widespread unrest
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1919-20
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Local government elections showed the Popolari and the socialists continuing to advance their share of the vote, at the expense of the parties supporting the government
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1921
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The unpopular Giolitti called an election, hemmed into a corner and hoping for the best. The election failed to break the political deadlock in the Chamber of Deputies-the socialists gained 123 deputies and the Popolari 107, fascists entered Parliament due to being placed on the electoral list due to an electoral pact between Giolitti and Mussolini and now refused to give the government support. Giolitti was forced to resign as Prime Minister-there were simply too many different groups represented on the party list for any hope of stability. The Fascists gained 35 seats.
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May 1921
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Bonomi's government
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June 1921-February 1922
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Facta's first government
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February 1922-July 1922
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Facta's second government
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July 1922-October 1922
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Fascist squad violence began
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November 1920
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National Fascist Party organisation created
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October 1921
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Increasing Fascist violence
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1922
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Abortive socialist general strike
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July 1922
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Fascists seized key buildings in northern cities, the first move in the planned 'March on Rome'
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27th October 1922
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Resignation of the last Liberal government under Facta
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28th October 1922
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Giolitti Minister of the Interior
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1901-5
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Giolitti Prime Minister 4 times
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1892-1914
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Giolitti improved Italy's finances by restructuring the country's debt allowing many social reforms and increased spending on defence
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1904-5
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Setback in Giolitti's social reform programme due to an economic depression
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1907
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Town public services improved and better public health, education and housing introduced
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1902
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Telephone services nationalised
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1907
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Giolitti refused to crush a general strike on the side of the employers
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1904
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Revolutionary socialists took over the socialist party creating a much more hostile and powerful left after the 1913 elections
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1912
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Giolitti's less hostile approach to the Church seemed to succeed as Catholics voted for some Liberal deputies and formed city coalitions in Florence and Venice on a local level
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1911
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Mussolini invited to become Prime Minister (not dictator)
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29th October 1922
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Mussolini arrived in Rome-Fascists organised a victory parade
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30th October 1922
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Mussolini given the right (by Parliament) to rule by decree for a 12-month period-he was granted these Emergency Powers to steer the country through crisis as a temporary measure
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November 1922
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Creation of the Grand Council of Fascists strengthened Mussolini's control of the Fascist movement
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December 1922
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The Fascist squadrismo were converted into a legal national militia (MVSN)-Mussolini's private army, under his control and seperate from the army
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January 1923
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Parliament passed the Acerbo law-party-this overcame the problems of proportional representation by giving 2/3 of the seats to the party with the most votes
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July 1923
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First general election under the Acerbo law gave the Fascists a majority in Parliament-35 seats increased to 374
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April 1924
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Murder of Matteoti, a leading socialist, by Fascist thugs created a crisis for Mussolini and led to the emergence of a dictatorship
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June 1924
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Socialists walk out of Parliament-the Aventine Secession. Mussolini replaced socialist MPs with Fascists, claiming they resigned
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June 1924
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Press censorship introduced
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July 1924
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Last congress of the Fascist party-Mussolini banned internal argument
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1925
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Dictatorship established-introduction of a series of harsh Fascist laws (Legge Fascistissime). Opposition banned, OVRA set up, Fascist tribunals, podestas
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January 1925
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Vidonia Pact banned free trade unions
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October 1925
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Mussolini gained the right to make laws without the approval of Parliament, opposition newspapers were suppressed and the cult of personality was underway
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January 1926
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The Rocco Labour Laws banned strikes
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April 1926
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PM appointments in Fascist party made by Party Headquarters in Rome, controlled by Mussolini, purged those considered disloyal
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1928
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The King lost the right to select the Prime Minister-candidates would be chosen from a list produced by the Grand Council (though of course Mussolini was the only leader)
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1928
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Lateran Treaties (Papal Concordat) signed between Fascists and the Catholic Church and the Church/State feud
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1929
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Italo Balbo appointed governor-general of Libya-possibly because he was a potential threat to Mussolini
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1933
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Parliament replaced by the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
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1939
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Start of the Battle for Grain (part of the policy of autarky)
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1925
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A Ministry of Corporations set up-start of the corporate state experiment
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1926
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Abolition of the right to strike
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1926
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Revaluation of the lira damaged the Italian economy-lira revalued at 90:£1
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1927
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The Great Depression
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1929-1933
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The Institute for Industrial Reconstruction set up to help Italy through the depression, enabling the state to intervene and sometimes control failing Italian industries
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January 1933 (by 1936 Italy was second only to USSR in terms of state control of industry)
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The Corporations Bill created 22 corporations to cover most sectors of the economy
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1934
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The Pope withdrew support for the Catholic Popolari party
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1923
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Fascist leisure organisation, Dopolovaro, set up
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1925
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ONB (Opera Nazionale Balilla) youth organisation created
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1926
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Launch of the Battle for Births, designed to increase the Italian population from 40-60 million by 1950 (Mussolini stated that the ideal fascist family would have 12 children)
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1927
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Teachers of suspect political views could be dismissed
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1925 onwards
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Teachers forced to take an oath of loyalty
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1929
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Fascist Teachers' Association set up
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1931
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Member of the Fascist Teachers' Association made compulsory
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1937
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A single official history text became compulsory in schools
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1936
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The regime gave official blessing to the claims of Italian anti-Semites by published a tract entitled the 'Manifesto of Racial Scientists' which declared that 'the Jews do not belong to the Italian race'. Anti-Semitic racial laws were introduced.
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July 1938
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A quota system was introduced into the public sector limiting women to 10% of the workforce
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1933
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Quota system for female employees extended to large and medium-sized private firms
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1938
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Phase 1 of Mussolini's foreign policy-containing the German threat, working with Britain and France to limit German power
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1922-35
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Phase 2 of Mussolini's foreign policy-moving closer to Germany and the other right-wing powers
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1936-1940
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Key turning point in Italy's foreign policy-the Abyssian Crisis which ended hostility with Germany and began the move towards alliance
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1935-6
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The bombardment of Corfuy used by Mussolini to promote Italian power and prestige after a border incident with Greece led Italy to deman compensation which the Greeks refused. However, Britain forced an end to the dispute showing Italy's weakness in comparison to a great power.
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1923
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Pact of Rome-Yugoslavia ceded Fiume to Italy after the 15 month occupation by D'Annunzio
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1924
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The Locarno Treaties-Mussolini posed as a major European statesman signing the treaty which guaranteed the borders of France and Germany
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1925
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Treaty of Friendship increased Italian influence over Albania and it became an Italian colony after Kig Zog fled to Egypt
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1926
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The Kellogg-Briand Pact denounced war as a method of settling internationl disputes
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1928
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The Germans seemed about to invade Austria to help Austrian Nazis take over after Chancellor Dolfuss was murdered-Mussolini moved troops with Austria and so the Nazis did not invade-Mussolini was the only European statesman to make Hitler back down
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1934
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Italy joined the Stresa Front with Britain and France to limit German expansion
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1935
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Italy attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
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October 1934-conquered by 1936
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The Hoare-Laval Pact to give most of Ethiopia to Italy failed due to the strength of public opinion, but it made Britain and France look weak
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1935
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German and Italian forces helped the right in the Spanish Civil War
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September 1936
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The Rome-Berlin Axis was signed drawing Mussolini closer to Nazi Germany
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November 1936
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The Italians joined Germany and Japan in the anti-Comintern Pact against Communism-this was a brotherhood of right-wing states
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1937
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The Germans seized Austria and Mussolini did nothing-he had previously said there would be war if this happened so it seemed that the Italians were the weaker, junior partners in the alliance
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1938
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Mussolini suggested the Munich Agreement which prepared the way for the German occupation of Western Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland)-Mussolini appeared as a great, influential leader, effectively charining the meeting, however it was another German victory in which Italy gained nothing
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1938
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Italy fully occupied Albania
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April 1939
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Mussolini signed the Pact of Steel with Germany, committing Italy to the Nazi side in a future European conflict-however, when Germany attacked Poland in the same year Italy remained neutral
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May 1939
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Germany invaded Poland and thus began the Second World War and then invaded France
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September 1939 and then May 1940
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Italy entered the Second World War on the Nazi side
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June 1940
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Italian invasion of Eqypt
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September 1940
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Italian invasion of Greece
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October 1940
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Defeat of Italian forces in East Africa and the conquering of Italy's African empire-the British retook Abyssinia and drove the Italians out of Libya
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April 1941
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Retreat of Axis forces from Egypt
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October 1942
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Libya abandoned by Italian forces
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January 1943
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Allied invasion of Sicily
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July 1943
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Dismissal and arrest of Mussolini
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25th July 1943
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Italy signed an armistice with the Allies
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8th September 1943
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Mussolini freed from prison by the Germans
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12th September 1943
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Mussolini proclaimed a new Fascist state-the Italian Social Republic or Salo Republic which was effectively a German puppet state
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15th September 1943
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Civil war in German-occupied northern Italy
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1943-5
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Execution of Mussolini by Italian anti-Fascists, alongside his mistress, Clara Petacci
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28th April 1945
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