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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name three Whig Historians
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T.B. Macauley, Neale and S.R. Gardiner
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Name two of Neale's famous phrases
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"high road to Civil War" and "Puritan choir"
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Growth in political influence of gentry
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Gentry component in Commons grew from 50% to 75% in 17th Century
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Name four Marxist Historians
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R.H. Tawney, Hill, Stone and Manning
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Name as many revisionist historians as you can (up to 12)
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Conrad Russell (NBH), Kevin Sharpe (Scotland + ultra-short-term), J.S. Morrill (religion), Kishlansky, Elton, Tyacke (redefine Puritanism), Hexter, Hirst (Charles and Leadership), Fletcher (localism), Underdown (ecological), Zagorin (court vs. country) and Wormald
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Name five post-Revisionist Historians
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Anne Hughes, Cust, Sommerville, Adamson and Everitt
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Baxter supporting social/economic
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Baxter said “A very great part of the knights and gentlemen…adhered to the King”
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Clarendon supporting social/economic
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Clarendon saw nobility and gentry (“those of quality”) backing King while common people and ‘middling sort’ backed Parliament
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Somerset supporting social/economic
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In Somerset parliaments leaders were clothiers but most of the gentleman supported the King.
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Urban and Manufacturing areas supporting social /economic
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Parliament drew support from middle ranks of society particularly in urban and manufacturing areas, this is shown in West Yorkshire, Somerset and Gloucestershire and urban support shown by key urban centres holding up Royalist advance on London in 1643 such as Plymouth, Gloucester and Hull.
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Norfolk MP supporting social/economic
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Sir John Potts, a Norfolk MP, who said the Earl of Essex’s army, was “attended with but a very small number of gentry”.
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*Southern Cotswolds supporting social/economic and localism*
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Southern Cotswolds were for Parliament because of resentment of court influence in cloth trade
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* Personal rule supports economic and constitutional *
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Economic grievances from prerogative taxes
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Wiltshire MP supporting social/economic
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John Ashe, an MP in Wiltshire, said the Parliamentarian army had “all the gentry and yeomanry…that inhabited the north-east part of the country”.
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Cloth areas supporting social/economic
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Tradesmen, freeholders and middling sort of men supported Parliament especially where the economy depended on Cloth according to Baxter
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*Anderson against social/economic and supporting religion*
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“Religious motivation, however, spread through all classes” (Anderson)
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Stone against social/economic
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According to Stone there was no correlation between wealth and political sympathies in 1642
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York against social/economic
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York 1603-1701 had 60 mayors as merchants but in the Civil War was a Royalist base
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Chichester against social/economic
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In December 1642 a gentry led mob of commoners seized Chichester for the King.
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Hobbes against social/economic
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Common people were “willing to fight for whichever side offered better prospects of pay and plunder” Hobbes (contemporary)
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Rank and file against social/economic
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When armies were defeated the rank and file would commonly swap sides to fight with those who had defeated them.
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London demonstrations against social/economic
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In late 1642 a great part of London demonstrated in favour of peace with the King including many from the ‘middling sort’
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Kent against social/economic
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Royalist rebels in Kent in summer 1643 were independent Yeomen
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*KEY FACT against Marxism (in Yorkshire)*
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In Yorkshire of those gentry families who seem to be in financial decline, three quarters were Royalist
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*Key Fact against social/economic (split)*
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War divided all classes equally, nobility evenly split, as did gentry with 4,000 on either side and 10,000 who made no allegiance, ‘middling sort’ split evenly
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Lincolnshire against social/economic
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In Lincolnshire vast crowds greeted the King in July 1642
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Suffolk petition against social/economic
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Suffolk’s petition of the Great Inquests at the Assizes in July 1642 pledged gentry to Royal service
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*Can be used as evidence against everything except localism*
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Neutrality
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Clarendon supporting religion
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Clarendon stated that training for volunteers for parliament began only in towns known for “schism in religion”.
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Baxter supporting religion (Armies)
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Baxter said that it was religious matters that “filled up the parliament’s armies”.
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Baxter supporting religion (General)
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“The main body of this sort of men [Puritans]…adhered to the parliament. And on the other side, the gentry that...went to Church and heard Common Prayer…the main body of these were against the parliament.” (Baxter)
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Nehemiah Wharton supporting religion
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Nehemiah Wharton, a sergeant in Lord Essex’s army spoke of Parliamentary iconoclasm at Chiswick, Canterbury and across the Home Counties.
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*Cornwall supporting Religion and Local*
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Intense Royalist feeling in Cornwall because of their submission to the established Church and state and particularly Book of Common Prayer.
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Stone supporting religion
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Lawrence Stone argues the importance of religion calling it “far more decisive than any socio-economic correlations”
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Yorkshire supporting religion
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in Yorkshire ⅓ of Royalist gentry were Catholic and ½ of Parliamentarians were Puritan.
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1641 supporting religion
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many whose chief problem was legal or constitutional reform got cold feet when war came in 1642
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Sir John Potts supporting religion
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Sir John Potts asked his countrymen to support Parliament in November 1642 “for maintenance of the true Protestant religion.”
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Essex's Stour valley supporting religion
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In Essex’s Stour Valley crowds in their 1000’s plundered Catholic gentry’s homes in the lead up to war.
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Stephen Marshall (minister) supporting religion
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Stephen Marshall’s Parliamentary sermon of February 1642, Meroz Cursed, was repeated by him 60 times and soldiers across the country quoted it.
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*Pamphlets supporting religion and against constitutional*
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Most pamphlets and books published in 1641-2 were about religion and not constitution
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*Edmund Verney supporting religion and constitutional*
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Edmund Verney wrote to his brother to consider that “majesty is sacred” and to honour the 5th commandment (Charles seen as father). Many royalists stressed the theological obligation of loyalty to the King.
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Banners supporting religion
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72% of Parliamentary banner contained a religions reference, 50% of Royalist banners did.
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*Gloucester supporting religion and local*
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Gloucester supported Parliament partially due to strength of Puritanism in the city and also because Laud had moved the communion table in their Cathedral
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Bible supporting religion
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Hobbes said the freely available vernacular bible was one of the key reasons for revolution
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Sir Simon D'Ewes supporting religion
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Sir Simon D’Ewes felt Elizabeth I had only started reformation and Civil War could bring further reformation.
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*Abhorrence of Puritanism supporting religion and constitutional*
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Many were Royalist due to abhorrence of Puritan dogma and they favoured a balanced constitution, hierarchical social order and moderate church
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**Links religion to constitutional to NBH**
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The nightmare of Irish rebellion and the religious and constitutional failings there scared many Protestants into Parliamentarianism
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Sir John Culpepper against religion
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Sir John Culpepper an MP for Kent in 1640 told the Commons of his deep religious grievances against Laudianism, but become a firm Royalist in the Civil War.
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*Sir Edmund Verney against religion and for constitutional*
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Sir Edmund Verney said the quarrel was being fought over bishops but that he was not persuaded by this but out of loyalty for the King.
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Norwich against religion
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Popular Royalism was found in Norwich, a Parliamentarian city, where 500 people defended the cathedral from iconoclasm in March 1642 thus other reasons that religion for their side
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London against religion
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London, very Parliamentarian, in Autumn 1642 St Paul’s was defended from Iconoclasts
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Propaganda for constitutional
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the King’s most effective propaganda came after the Nineteen Propositions as he emphasised the potential break down in order might remove property rights
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Short Parliament for constitutional
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The barrage of grievances on the opening of the Short Parliament showed there was much constitutional angst
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Sir John Hotham for constitutional
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Sir John Hotham (from Hull) had supported Parliamentary opposition due to Ship Money and thus was a Parliamentarian
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Parliamentary demands for constitutional
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Parliamentary demands contained much constitutional reform
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John Weare for constitutional
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John Weare of Devon spoke of the “overthrow of common liberty” convincing him of Parliamentarianism
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*Landed class supporting constitutional and economic*
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For landed classes fear of losing property may have been a motivator and thus they wanted to preserve the existing power structures.
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**Morrill linking constitutional to local and religion**
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Parliamentarianism grew from centralist encroachment (Morill)
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Forced loan supporting constitutional
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Response to forced loan (1626) gave best earliest indication of allegiance during the Civil War.
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Lucy Hutchinson supporting constitutional
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Lucy Hutchinson wrote that many saw themselves defending “just English liberties against Royal tyranny”.
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Sir Thomas Aston supporting constitutional
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Sir Thomas Aston who had criticised Ship Money became Royalist due to his prioritisation of rule of law
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Family history supporting constitutional
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Families with history of supporting the King such as Bowleses of Chislehurst followed ancestry in loyal service
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Ship money against constitutional
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Ship money raised over £800,000; clearly most people were willing to pay it
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Sir John Gell against constitutional
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In Derbyshire a chief Parliamentarian, Sir John Gell had supported ship money
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Henry Slingsby against constitutional
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Henry Slingsby, an MP, supported redress of grievances in 1640 but eventually supported the King
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John Dutton against constitutional
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John Dutton was locked up and refused ship money but still supported the King
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East Anglia supporting local
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In south-eastern counties the proximity of London and thus Parliament strengthened the Parliamentarian cause, Royalists left to join Charles
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Henry Oxinden supporting local
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Henry Oxinden, a Kentish gentleman, only visited London once in his lifetime
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Everitt supporting local
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Everitt has called the England of 1640 as resembling a “union of partially independent states”.
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*Cornwall supporting local and economic*
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Tin miners of Cornwall were Royalist as they had received Royal favour in economic matters
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*Derybshire supporting local and economic*
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Derbyshire lead miners got Royal support against local landowners and thus sent soldiers to his army
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Exeter supporting local
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Sessions of the Peace in Exeter in 1642 show cases for and against both sides, thus Exeter divided by local issues
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Northern Cotswolds supporting local
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Northern Cotswolds supported Royalists because Oxford was close by
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Straffordshire supporting local
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Neutralism in Staffordshire ended in favour of Royalists who were better placed to prevent lower class disorder
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Lindley supporting local (fenland)
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Fenland commoners remained virtually oblivious to major events leading up to the outbreak of Civil War in 1642 according to Lindley
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Leicestershire and Wiltshire supporting local
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In Leicestershire Greys and Hastings commanded opposite loyalties as did Herberts and Seymours in Wiltshire
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Underdown against local
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May have been more regionalism and regional cultures as opposed to “localism”
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Hughest against local
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Hughes has refuted local ideas of side-taking as she sees the Country as unified under one common law with people well aware of national issues
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Internal struggles against local
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Divisions often cut across counties, there were internal struggles in the counties
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Cromwell's influence supporting localism and role of individuals
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In Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Essex and Hertfordshire many gentry were disaffected with Parliament but were curbed by individuals such as Oliver Cromwell and eventually supported Parliament
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Hull and Gloucester supporting localism and role of individuals
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In boroughs such as Hull and Gloucester the governor made the choice
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Lancashire supporting localism and role of individuals
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Catholic gentry in Lancashire swayed the side towards Royalism
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*Neutrality supporting localism and role of individuals*
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Role of individuals was enhance by most people having little or no preference thus minorities could lead large amounts of people
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Gentry supporting localism and role of individuals
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Gentry often raised armies in their localities such as Lord Brooke in Warwickshire and Earl of Warwick in Essex
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Specific counties (4 + city) supporting neutralism
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Staffordshire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Leicester declared neutrality in 1642
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Pacts supporting neutralism
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There were neutrality pacts in 22 counties in 1642.
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South Molton supporting neutralism
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In South Molton, Devon, the Earl of Bath was attacked when he tried to raise force for the King
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Protective forces (3 counties) supporting neutralism
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In Lincolnshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire a protective force was raised to try and stop war entering the county
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Petitions supporting neutralism
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Throughout spring and summer 1642 Parliament received many petitions demanding a composition of differences
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Yorkshire gentry supporting neutralism
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In Yorkshire 240 out of 680 gentry didn’t commit to either side
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Chester supporting neutralism
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Treaty of Bunbury in Chester, 23rd December 1642, was a neutralist treaty
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William Pleydell supporting neutralism
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MP William Pleydell of Wiltshire referred to Scylla and Charybdis
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Anderson supporting neutralism
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Anderson feels majority were on balance neutral due to torn loyalties
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Fairfaxes supporting neutralism
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Even strongly Parliamentarian Fairfaxes strove to neutralise their areas of Yorkshire
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Everitt/Kent supporting neutralism
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In Kent Everitt found most gentry and moderates were reluctant to choose a side
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Underdown supporting ecology
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Underdown, Hill and to some extent Hughes have argued that industrial, urban areas (such as cloth towns and ports) as well as pasture-woodland areas tended to be Puritan and Parliamentarian whereas arable and mixed-farming areas were more traditional and therefore Royalist.
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East Anglia against ecology
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Underdowns argument rests on evidence from three counties. Whereas arable East Anglia was a heartland of Parliamentarianism
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Culture against ecology
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Cultural traditions found to be important as opposed to ‘ecology’; Cavalier and Roundhead were two fundamentally different ways of viewing life
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Somerset against ecology
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Most wood-pasture areas of Somerset were neutral
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General geographical allegiances
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Geographical basis of allegiance was roughly Wales and North and West of England mainly Royalist whereas East and South were mainly Parliamentarian
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Weird side-taking fact
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Royalist MP’s were on average 10 years younger
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Saye and Sele and Brooks supporting NBH
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Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke were imprisoned for refusing to fight the Scots in April 1639.
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Eleazar Borthwick supporting NBH
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Eleazar Borthwick carried messages of support to Scottish opposition before July 1637
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Sir John Clotworth supporting NBH
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In 1638 Sir John Clotworthy told a Scottish contact the Nobility and Gentry of England supported them
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12 peers supporting NBH
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Petition of 12 peers, August 1640, shows collusions between English and Scottish opposition
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*Russell supporting NBH and religion*
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Russell has concluded that the Royalist party was anti-Scottish before it was Royalist. Further reformation of the Church, advocated by Scots was associated with breakdown in law and order thus supported Charles
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Triennial act supporting NBH
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Long Parliament copied Scots with Triennial Act and attempting to abolish episcopacy with root-and-branch reform
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Scottish riots supporting NBH
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War broke out in the 3 kingdoms after the Scottish Prayer Book riots of 1637
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*Prayer Book supporting NBH and religion*
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The Scottish Prayer book essentially started off proceedings that would lead to war and it was the Covenant, a largely religious document that united Scotland
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