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22 Cards in this Set

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James I
agreed to rule under English laws and customs but soon lectured parliament about divine right – repeatedly clashed about money and foreign policy – dissolved parliament and collected taxes on his own. He also clashed with dissenters and puritans
Dissenters
Protestants who differed with the Church of England.
Puritans
group of protestants who sought to ‘purify’ the church of Catholic practices. Called for simpler services with more democratic church. James rejected their demands
Charles I
inherited throne 1625. Absolute monarch. Forced to sign Petition of Right – he had to consult Parliament to raise taxes, but dissolved parliament in 1629 and ignored Petition for 11 years = bitter enemies. 1637 tried to impose Anglican prayer book on Scotland – Calvinists revolt and once again had to summon parliament
Oliver Cromwell
puritan member of the lesser gentry. Skilled general. Made ‘new model army’ for parliament made of officers selected for skill rather than social class
English Bill of Rights
several acts of Parliament passed in 1689 ensuring the superiority of parliament over the monarchy. Required the English gov to regularly summon parliament and gave the House of Commons the ‘power of the purse’ – control over spending. King/queen could no longer interfere with parliamentary debates or suspend laws. Barred Roman Catholics from taking throne. Restated traditional rights, and affirmed principal of habeas corpus
Limited Monarchy
type of gov created by the Glorious Revolution in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s power
Constitutional Government
a government who’s power is defined and limited by law. Three political institutions arose in Britain: political parties, the cabinet, and the office of prime minister
Cabinet
meeting of Parliament advisors with the king who originally met in a small room
Oligarchy
a gov in which ruling power belongs to a small few
natural law
rules discoverable by reason. previously used for science, now being used to better understand social, economic, and political probs.
Thomas Hobbes
17th century english thinker. in his work, Leviathan, he argued ppl were naturally cruel if not strictly controlled. to escape that life, ppl entered a social contract
social contract
agreement by which people gave up their freedom for an organized society
John Locke
other 17th century english thinker. thought ppl were basically reasonable and moral. in Two Treatises he argued that ppl formed gov to protect natural rights
natural rights
rights that belong to all humans from birth - life, liberty, and property
philosophes
meaning philosopher. a group of enlightenment thinkers in france who applied methods of science to improve society. believed they could use reason to lead reforms of gov , law, and society
Montesquieu
published The Spirit of the Laws - discussed govs throughout hist. felt the best way to protect liberty is to divide gov into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each w/the ability to check the other 2. criticized absolute monarchy
Voltiar
targeted corrupt officialsand idle aristocrats; inequality, injustice, and superstition. hated slave trade and religious prejudice. defended freedom of speech. attacks offended french gov and church = imprisoned and exiled
Diderot
produced a 28-volume encyclopedia aimed to 'change the general way of thinking. included articles by leading thinkers denouncing slavery, praise freedom of expression, urged ed for all. attacked devine right and traditional religions
Rousseau
believed ppl were naturally good, corrupted by the evils of society. wrote The Social Contract - gov placed too many limits on ppls behaviors; only elected gov had these controls. put his faith in the 'general will' - best conscience of the ppl - good of the community is above individual interests. hated oppression
laissez faire
allowed business to opperate with little or no gov interference
Adam Smith
Scottish economist - greatly admired physiocrat (french thinker focused on economic reforms; based thinking on natural laws). Wrote The Wealth of Nations - free market should be allowed to regulate business activity