History Chapter 23

Front 1

industrial revolution

Back 1

The shift from producing goods by hand in the home to manufacturing them by machine

Front 2

enclosure system

Back 2

new approach to agriculture

Front 3

Open-Field System-

Back 3

Landowners allowed small farmers to plant crops in a part of the owners’ fields

Front 4

Fallow

Back 4

Under the old open field system, small farmers had at least three fields on which to grow crops. They planted two of the fields each year and rested the third

Front 5

Legume

Back 5

What the farmers planted instead of keeping a field fallow. It returned nutrients to the dirt instead of taking from it. Turnips and clover.grows on a vine.

Front 6

Charles Townshend-

Back 6

Argued that none of the fields had to be kept fallow.

Front 7

Jethro Tull-

Back 7

An English farmer who invented the seed drill, planted seeds in a row. Also invented the horse drawn hoe to break up the soil between the rows of plants.

Front 8

Cyrus McCormick

Back 8

An American who invented the reaper which became one of the most important of the laborsaving devices

Front 9

John Kay

Back 9

invented the flying shuttle. The shuttle made it possible for one person instead of two to operate the weaving loom.

Front 10

James Hargreaves

Back 10

Invented the spinning Jenny
this machine spun 8x faster than the traditional spinning wheel

Front 11

Edmund Cartwright

Back 11

invented a more effective power loom
this created more demand for more and more raw cotton

Front 12

Eli Whitney

Back 12

created the cotton gin in 1793
. Also introduced the idea of standard or interchangeable parts. Before this weapons or tools were made by hand.

Front 13

domestic(cottage) system

Back 13

goods produced by hand at home

Front 14

James Watt

Back 14

Scottish man who improved the steam engine in the late 1700’s, power came from burning coal

Front 15

Mass Production

Back 15

to make a good each worker made only one part of it

Front 16

henry Ford

Back 16

introduced the assemble line in the United States

Front 17

Mercantisism

Back 17

The system under which a country's government strictly regulated its economy

Front 18

Adam Smith

Back 18

Major economist of the enlightenment Believed that a country's government should allow its businesspeople to compete freely with one another

Front 19

Laissez Faire

Back 19

French Phrase that means "leave it alone" economic theory that promoted unregulated competition

Front 20

Entrepreneurs

Back 20

New business people who brought diversity to the middle class
disapproved of both the aristocracy and the poor because they believed that neither group worked hard enough

Front 21

White Collar Workers

Back 21

Traveling salesmen, bookkeepers, store managers, and office clerks. Term comes from the white shirts they wore to the office

Front 22

Blue Collar Workers

Back 22

Factory workers and other laborers. Term comes from the color of the shirts they work often

Front 23

Slums

Back 23

developed around neighborhoods
epidemics of cholera typhoid fever and tuberculosis broke out increasing the already high death rate among slum dwellers

Front 24

Robert Fultun

Back 24

an American who applied the principle of steap power to boats ran his steam boat the CLERMONT up the Hudson River to Albany

Front 25

George Stephenson-

Back 25

England demonstrated the first successful steam-powered railroad locomotive.

Front 26

George Stephenson-

Back 26

England demonstrated the first successful steam-powered railroad locomotive

Front 27

Karl Benz-

Back 27

German man who created the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.

Front 28

Gottlieb Daimler-

Back 28

Also of Germany, introduced a gasoline-powered engine. It was eventually used to run automobiles.

Front 29

Orville and Wilbur Wright-

Back 29

Made the first successful flight in a heavier-than-air plane

Front 30

Charles Lindbergh-

Back 30

made a solo, non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927.

Front 31

William Cooke, Samuel F. B. Morse, and Charles Wheatstone-

Back 31

developed the telegraph

Front 32

Cyrus Field-

Back 32

linked North America and Europe through a transatlantic cable.

Front 33

Alexander Graham Bell-

Back 33

Successfully developed a telephone in 1876.

Front 34

Guglielmo Macroni-

Back 34

Scientist who invented the wireless telegraph that further sped up communication.

Front 35

John Fleming, and Lee De Forest-

Back 35

developed the radio

Front 36

Vladimir Zworykin- .

Back 36

Russian born American who invented tubes for broadcasting and receiving pictures through radio waves

Front 37

Edwin Drake-

Back 37

drilled the first oil well. Tapped into sources in Western Pennsylvania.

Front 38

Alessandro Volta-

Back 38

Created the first electric battery.

Front 39

Thomas Edison-

Back 39

Developed electric generators and they began to light city streets in London and New York.

Front 40

Invisible hand-

Back 40

economics like physics is governed by law

Front 41

John Dalton-

Back 41

Stated that atoms are the smallest parts of elements and that each element is made up of one kind of atom. Laid the foundation for modern atomic theory.

Front 42

Michael Faraday-

Back 42

Demonstrated that magnetism can produce electricity

Front 43

Wilhelm Roentgen-

Back 43

Announced the discovery of x-rays.

Front 44

Marie Curie-

Back 44

discovered two radioactive chemical elements, radium polonium.

Front 45

Charles Darwin-

Back 45

A British naturalist who changed many people’s ideas about how new forms of plants and animals have come into being

Front 46

Gregor Mendel-

Back 46

Greatly influenced the field of genetics in the 20th century

Front 47

Edward Jenner-

Back 47

A British Doctor, introduced the practice of vaccination to prevent smallpox.

Front 48

Louis Pasteur-

Back 48

French Scientist who explained why the vaccination procedure works
-also invented pasteurization

Front 49

Pasteurization-

Back 49

the heating of milk that kills bacteria.

Front 50

Robert Koch- .

Back 50

German Doctor who expanded the knowledge of how germs cause diseases

Front 51

Joseph Lister-

Back 51

Began to use strong chemicals kill bacteria in operating rooms.

Front 52

William T.G. Morton-

Back 52

An American dentist who developed a way of making surgery safer and easier for patients

Front 53

Romantic Style-

Back 53

Romantic paintings were dramatic, emotional, and sometimes fantastic.

Front 54

Francisco Goya- .

Back 54

A great Spanish painter who portrayed the struggle of the Spanish people against the armies of Napoleon

Front 55

Eugene Delacroix-

Back 55

the greatest of the French Romanticists. Painted the Massacre at Chios.

Front 56

Gustave Courbet-

Back 56

French Realist Painter who Tried to show life as it really was.

Front 57

Honore Daumier-

Back 57

Another French realist who drew social criticism and political cartoons.

Front 58

Impressionism-

Back 58

Impressionists who wanted to show the effect of light on the objects or scenes they painted.

Front 59

Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Edgar Degas-

Back 59

leading impressionists.

Front 60

Postimpressionists-

Back 60

concerned themselves with form, space, and blocks of color rather than with the actual appearance of a subject.

Front 61

Paul Cezzane, Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Georgers Seurat-

Back 61

Were all among the most important postimpressionistic painters.

Front 62

Beethoven-

Back 62

Greatest romantic composer

Front 63

Richard Wagner-

Back 63

Composed operas featuring heroes and gods from German folklore.

Front 64

Giuseppe Verdi-

Back 64

Created great operas. Strong nationalist who supported the Italian struggle for unification under a central government.

Front 65

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky-

Back 65

A great Russian composer.

Front 66

Jean Sibelius and Edvard Grieg-

Back 66

Wrote important nationalistic music.

Front 67

Claude Debussy-

Back 67

Wanted his listeners to react to his compositions as if they were poems without words.

Front 68

Percy Shelley and John Keats-

Back 68

Wanted their work to liberate the human spirit and makie it brave, generous and creative.

Front 69

Samuel Coleridge and William Wordsworth-

Back 69

Leading British romanticists

Front 70

Sir Walter Scott and Alfred, Lord Tennyson-

Back 70

both wrote stories about the middle ages.

Front 71

Alexandre Dumas-

Back 71

Created excited and popular adventure novels.

Front 72

HMS Biegel-

Back 72

Boat that Charles Darwin was on to sail the Galapagos.

Front 73

James Cooper-

Back 73

Wrote novels about the relations between frontier settlers and Indians.

Front 74

Mary Ann Evans-

Back 74

Wrote under the name George Eliot. She was a very influential English novelist.

Front 75

George Shaw-

Back 75

criticized the social attitudes and customs of his day.

Front 76

Henrik Ibsen-

Back 76

Challenged 19th century ideas about how people should behave.

Front 77

Leo Tolstoy-

Back 77

One of Russia’s most famous authors. Tried to demonstrate that humans are not really free but act according to a force called “historical necessity.”

Front 78

Mark Twain-

Back 78

Real name was Samuel Clemens, used humor to poke fun at American society.

Front 79

Robert Owen-

Back 79

Wealthy businessman who had radical ideas about how to make life better for working people.

Front 80

Utopians-

Back 80

Tried to establish ideal communities in which the residents contributed to and shared in the economic success equally.

Front 81

Louis Blanc

Back 81

a French utopian socialist who owned a news paper. Attacked the French government for giving the industrialists, or capitalists, too much freedom.

Front 82

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels-

Back 82

published a pamphlet titled Communist Manifesto. The ideas discussed in it came to be called scientific socialism or communism.

Front 83

Proletariat-

Back 83

the working class

Front 84

Bourgeoisie-

Back 84

the owners of the businesses

Front 85

Unions-

Back 85

people who worked in the same occupation or industry joined together in organizations to improve their wages and working and living conditions.

Front 86

Collective Bargaining-

Back 86

Union members elected representatives to present their requests or demands to an employer

Front 87

Boycott-

Back 87

refusal to buy the product and urging others not to buy it until the employer came to an agreement with the union.

Front 88

Black Listing-

Back 88

Branded selected workers as undesirable employees. Meant that the selected workers could not get jobs in their usual line of work.

Front 89

Knights of Labor-

Back 89

Members included skilled and unskilled workers, woman, and African Americans. Called for and eight-hour working day and the banning of child labor as well as other reforms.

Front 90

American Federation of Labor-

Back 90

became the most important national labor union. Joined with the congress of industrial organizations.

Front 91

Reform Bill-

Back 91

gave suffrage, or the right to vote, to all males who owned a certain amount of property.

Front 92

Elementary Education Act-

Back 92

Made it possible for all children in Great Britain to get an elementary school education.

Front 93

Michael Sadler-

Back 93

set up a Select Committee on Child Labor in parliament. The reports made by this committee resulted in a law limiting the working day of children aged 9 to 12 to 8 hours and those 13 to 17 to 12 hours.

Front 94

Minimum Wage-

Back 94

lowest amount that employers are allowed to pay their workers.

Front 95

13th Amendment-

Back 95

Outlawed slavery.

Front 96

15th Amendment-

Back 96

extended suffrage to all men regardless of their race or national origin.

Front 97

Muckrakers-

Back 97

helped reformers win public support for changes.

Front 98

Progressives-

Back 98

American social reformers in the early 1900s.

Front 99

Louis Napoleon-

Back 99

Was a more repressive dictator then his uncle napoleon Bonaparte.

Front 100

Paris Commune-

Back 100

Workers of Paris that set up their own government.

Front 101

Atlantic Migration.

Back 101

movement of European emigrants to USA

Front 102

Thomas Malthus-

Back 102

In his Essay on the Principle of Population Malthus had pointed out that human populations would always increase faster then the amount of food necessary to feed them.

Front 103

Iron Law of Wages-

Back 103

Ricardo stated that as the population got larger, more and more people would need work

Front 104

Herbert Spencer-

Back 104

Felt that society progressed the same way that animals had developed from primitive into more complex beings.

Front 105

Survival of the Fittest-

Back 105

It ensured that society would eventually consist of only the strongest and most productive people.

Front 106

Social Darwinism-

Back 106

Application of the idea of natural selection to society.

Front 107

Global Economy-

Back 107

Today almost all the countries of the modern world are interdependent. They rely on each other for goods and services.

Front 108

Imperialism-

Back 108

The expansion of Western nations into the less industrialized regions of the world during the 19th century set the stage for our global economy