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37 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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enclosure |
the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
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smelt |
to separate iron from its ore |
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James Watt |
Scottish engineer who improved the efficiency of the steam engine, making it the key source of power for the Industrial Revolution |
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anesthetic |
a drug the prevents pain during surgery |
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capital |
money to invest in enterprises |
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enterprise |
a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories |
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cottage industry |
raw cotton was distributed to peasant families, who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their homes |
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Eli Whitney |
in 1793, invented the cotton gin, which sped up the previously time-consuming job of separating cotton fibers from cotton seeds |
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turnpike |
private road built by an entrepreneur who charged travlers a toll, or fee, for use |
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Liverpool to Manchester |
site of the world's first major rail line in 1830 |
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urbanization |
the movement of people from rural areas to cities |
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tenement |
crowded, multistory building divided into apartments |
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labor union |
workers' organization |
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Thomas Malthus |
British economist; wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population warning that the population would outgrow the food supply |
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Jeremy Bentham |
British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism |
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utilitarianism |
the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens" and that this should be the basis for judging all laws |
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enclosure |
the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
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socialism |
the belief that the means of production should be owned and operated by and for the people in general rather than by and for private individuals |
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means of production |
farms, factories, railways, mines, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods |
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means of production |
farms, factories, railways, mines, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods |
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Robert Owen |
a Utopian who set up a model community at his cotton mill in Scotland |
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Karl Marx |
German philosopher who, with Frederick Engels, published The Communist Manifesto predicting the class struggle |
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Karl Marx |
German philosopher who, with Frederick Engels, published The Communist Manifesto predicting the class struggle |
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Communism |
in practice, a system in which a small elite controlled the political and economic life of a nation |
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proletariat |
society's "have nots", the working class |
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social democracy |
a political ideology favoring gradual transition from capitalism to socialism |
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Lord Charles Townshend |
urged farmers to grow turnip, which restored exhausted soil |
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Jethro Tull |
invented the seed drill, which deposited seeds in rows rather than scattering them wastefully over the land |
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Abraham Darby |
1709, used coal to smelt iron from ore, coal gave off impurities that damaged iron, found a way to remove impurities from coal, sons and grandsons began to improve on his methods |
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John Kay |
invented the flying shuttle in 1733, which enabled weavers to work so fast they soon outpaced spinners |
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James Hargravesí |
invented the spinning jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at the same time (solved John Kay's flying shuttle problem) |
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Rickard Arkwright |
invented the water frame in 1769, which was a spinning machine that could be powered by water |
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George Stephenson |
developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails |
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Methodism |
religious movement that comforted the working class (stressed need for a personal sense of faith) |
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John Wesley |
founded the Methodist movement in mid 1700s |
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Luddites |
English textile workers who resisted labor-saving machines that were costing them their jobs (riots in 1811 to 1813) |
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David Ricardo |
wrote Iron Law of Wages where he pointed out that wage increases were futile because it would only cover the cost of necessities increase of cash = families having more children |
