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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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michelangelo
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renaissance artist most famous for his dome for st peter's basillica, the pieta, the statue of david, and the ceiling of the sistine chapel
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renaissance
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cultural achievements and amazing flowering of the arts in europe from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries; a rebirth of thinking
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italian urban nobility
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formal education as an asset; the wealthy were involved in trade and lived in a trade economy; these people patronized scholars and brought them to italy
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medici
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powerful banking family who held power in florence; not public officers but ruled behind the scenes
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borgia
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son of pope alexander vi; united the peninsula by ruthlessly conquering and exacting total obedience from the principalities making up the papal states
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humanism
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revival of interest in antiquity apparent in the serious study of the latin classics; literary culture needed by anyone who wanted to be considered educated and civilized; focused on the human being and their achievements, interests, and capabilities
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petrarch
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poet and humanist considered to be the father of humanism in the renaissance
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lorenzo valla
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humanist and linguist who authored many works such as "on pleasure", defending the pleasures fo the senses as the highest good; he also authored "on the false donation of constantine", a textual examination of a document supposedly giving the papacy jurisdiction over western europe that proved the document to be false
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giotto
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florentine painter that led the way in the use of realism; his treatment of the human body replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality used for so long
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leonardo da vinci
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known as the renaissance man, an artist of the renaissance best known for his last supper and the mona lisa; he also was extremely versatile and left notes behind on engineering, biology, architecture, optics, etc
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northern renaissance
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students flocked to italy and carried their learning back to the northern countries; a flowering of culture that remained distinctly christian in northern europe
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thomas more/utopia
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lawyer and government official that was sent as ambassador to flanders; presented a revolutionary view of society in which socialism made everyone equal and everyone lived a perfect life; the term literally means nowhere; this book was meant to suggest that basic problems in society are caused by greed
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desderius erasmus/in praise of folly
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dutch humanist whose lifework became the application of the best humanistic learning to the study and explanation of the bible; this work is a satire on worldly wisdom and a plea for the simple and spontaneous christian faith of children
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erasmus and christianity
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tranlated a new testament because he believed that christ wished his mysteries to be published openly; believed biblical study is the means to reform; believed that christianity is an inner attitude of the heart or spirit, not formalism and ritual...christianity is christ
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niccolo machiavelli/the prince
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subject of this work is political power: how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it; conclusion the humans are selfish and out to advance their own interests; believes the prince may manipulate people in any way he finds necessary
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baldassare castiglione/the courtier
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humanist who wrote this treatise that sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the coutrly ideal, the gentleman; educated should have a broad background in academia and have familiarity with dance, music, and the arts; this vision became the model of the european gentleman
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moveable type
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form of printing in which mirror image of each letter was carved in relief on a small block; easily moveable individual letters were put together to forms words in lines of type that made up a page; enabled mass communication in europe
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edict of nantes
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published by henry, this edict granted to huguenots liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship in two hundred fortified towns
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renaissance women
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married and carried all domestic responsibilities of the work while frequently working outside the home; many assisted in shops and businesses; thousands worked as midwives, maids, cooks, etc; the upper class managed the household and possibly received an education, presided and entertained with grace and charm
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renaissance slavery
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allowed strong lords to satisfy cheaply the needs of their estates; offered merchants a commodity for profitable exchange with foreigners; used as laborers, domestics, and concubines
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louis xi
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called the spider king because of his treacherous and cruel character; promoted new industries and entered into commercial treaties; used the army to stop aristocratic bigandage and cut into urban independence; laid the foundations for later french royal absolutism
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war of the roses
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civil war between the houses of york and lancaster that hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry, and sank the authority of the monarcy lower than it had been in centuries
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ferdinand and isabella
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under their rule, hermandades were given authority to act as local police forces; reconstructed the royal council and appointed middle class people; consolidated the territories of spain; secured the rights to appoint bishops in spain and the americas; continued the reconquista
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hapsburg dynasty
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union of maximilian and mary, hapsburg started to become an international power; inaugurated centuries of conflict between austria and france
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church problems, 1500
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clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism
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martin luther
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obscure german monk and professor at the university of wittenburg that wrote the 95 theses on indulgences and started the protestant reformation
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pope leo x
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pope who needed money to complete work on st peter's basilica so he co-signed a loan from the fugger banking family to albert; to repay the fuggers, he authorized the sale of jubilee indulgences
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john tetzel
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dominican friar who was the sales representative for jubilee indulgences
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holy roman emperor: charles v
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21 year old emperor who held his first diet at worms and ordered luther to appear before it; ordered luther to recant, then declared luther an outlaw of the empire and denied him legal protection
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on christian liberty
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treatise by martin luther that contained the main themes of luther's theology: importance of faith, relationship of christian faith and good work, dual nature of human beings, and fundamental importance of scripture in christian life
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hapsburg-valois war
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wars in which the issue was the hapsburg lands acquired by the marriage of maximilian and mary; fighting in germany; cornerstone was desire to keep german states divided; advanced the cause of protestantism and promoted the political fragmentation of the german empire
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peace of augsburg
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edict by charles that officially recognized lutheranism and gave each prince the right to determine the religion of his territory
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geneva
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city that was the site of the reformation of john calvin; a christian society was established in which civil magistrates and ministers ran the society; this city became the model of a christian community for later reformers
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john calvin
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reformer that experienced a religious crisis and converted to protestantism; believed God had called him to reform the church and accepted a call to geneva; principle of predestination
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predestination
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the theory that God has already determined whom he would admit to salvation and whom he would condemn
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geneva consistory
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group made up of prominent laymen and pastors that exercised a powerful civic role to keep watch over every man's life and to admonish those living disorderly lives; harsh punishments and torture for those who lived ungodly lives
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anabaptists
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described as the left wingers of the reformation; believed that only adults could make free choice about religious faith, baptism, and entry into the christian community; took the gospel literally and favored a return to the christianity of the early believers; separation of church and state and religious tolerance; stress of pacifism, women in ministry
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holy office/roman inquisition
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committee of six cardinals that had judicial authority over all catholics and power to arrest, imprison, and execute; vigorously attacked heresy; published index of prohibited books
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henry viii
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marriage to catherin of aragon failed to produce a male heir; broke with the catholic church and formed the church of england with him as the head; succession of wives with only one male heir produced
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edward vi
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sickly son of henry viii who exerted strong protestant ideas on the religious life of the country; simplified the liturgy, invited theologians to england, and prepared the first book of common prayer
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mary tudor
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under this brief rule, a sharp move back to catholicism in england; devout catholic; marriage to philip of spain; persecution and execution of several hundred protestants that alienated her subjects
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elizabeth I
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wise ruler who never married in order to be the true ruler of england; broad bottom church with religious toleration
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council of trent
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council that dealt with both doctrinal and disciplinary matters; gave equal validity to the scriptures and tradition; reaffirmed the seven sacraments and traditional teaching on transubstantiation
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society of jesus
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group founded by ignatius loyola; resisted the spread of protestantism and converted others to catholicism while spreading christian education all over europe; achieved phenomenal success for the papacy and the church
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index of prohibited books
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issued by the roman inquisition; a catalogue of forbidden reading
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st bartholomew's day massacre
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savage catholic attack on calvinist in paris; marriage of margaret of valois to henry of navarre to reconcile catholics and huguenots; rioting and slaughter; religious violence spread to provinces and led to war of the three henrys
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revolt of the netherlands
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corruption in the roman church and the critical spirit of the renaissance provoked pressure for reform; low countries divided; spread of calvinism; high grain prices led to a revolt and rampage; civil war between catholics and protestants
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the united provinces
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seven northern provinces of the netherlands that remained protestant and declared independence from spain
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the spanish armada
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fleet prepared by philip of spain to sail and fight off elizabeth's navy and then to escort his barges across the english channel; combination of storms, spoiled food and rank water, inadequate ammunition, and english fire ships gave england the victory
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the thirty years war
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uneasy tension between catholics, lutherans, protestants, and calvinists; dynastic interests at stake; violence in bohemia between catholics and protestants; divided into four phases: bohemian, danish, swedish, and french; ended with the peace of westphalia
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