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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was causing rapid change in North America by 1800?
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The movement of people.
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How did Jefferson's actions reflect the concerns of mostly southerner and westerners?
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He focused on bringing new lands to the US.
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Which groups were found off the Northwest coast of the US?
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Makah Indians (fishing)
Russian ships (furs) Spanish (worried about Russians) British (looking for NW passage) American traders |
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What caused Spain to start colonizing their lands on the west coast?
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Fear that the Russians from Alaska would start settling their.
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Who were Father Junipero Serra and the San Diego Mission?
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Father serra headed the religious part of Spain's colonization in California - converting Indians and setting up settlements.
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Why was the San Diego mission eventually burned?
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Non-mission Indians revolted against the Spanish authorities and burned the mission.
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How many missions did the Spanish set up by 1800?
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21
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Who was the first white person to travel all the way across North America to the Pacific?
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British Canadian explorer Alexander Mackenzie.
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Who first laid claim to the lands in the Pacific northwest?
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The British, following Mackenzie's trip.
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How did the Americans get to the Pacific northwest and why did they want to be there?
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They sailed around the tip of South America, coming to the Pacific northwest for furs.
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Who was Captain Robert Gray?
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He sailed his ship Columbia into a river between Washington and Oregon, naming the river Columbia River after his ship.
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Why did Indians call all white men "Bostons"?
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Because there were so many New Englanders there that they thought all white men were from Boston.
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How did the horse cause an economic and social revolution for the Indians?
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It enabled them to TRAVEL long distances between watering places, hunting BUFFULO across the mid-west.
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Why was the US westward movement in direct collision with the Indian's new way of life?
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Jefferson was pressuring Congress to sell pioneers the same land for a very cheap price.
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Toward where did the US trading policy shift when Jefferson was president?
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To the Carribean, particular Hispaniola, as it was by far the largest source of trade.
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Who owned the western half of Hispanola and who lived there?
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France owned it and it was populated with African slaves who did the work.
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What was the name of the French half of the island then? What is it today?
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Then: Sainte Domingue
Now: Haiti |
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What crops did the French grow on Hispaniola?
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Sugar, coffee, indigo and coffee - 2/3 of all of France's trade.
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Who owned the eastern side of Hispanola?
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Spain
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What started the slave rebellion against France?
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The French Revolution reached the island and threw it into chaos.
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Who led the rebellion and declared the colony independent?
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Pierre Toussanit L'Ouverture, the "black Napoleon."
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Who supported the newly independent colony?
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Northern merchants depended on trade with Hispanola so Adams and the Federalists sent military aid to L'Ouverture.
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What was L'Ouverture able to do with the additional military support?
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Conquer the eastern side of the island from Spain.
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How did Jefferson treat L'Ouverture when he became president?
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Southerners were nervous about former slaves ruling the island. Jefferson promised Napolean he'd help put down the rebellion.
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Why didn't Jefferson have to make good on his promise to help Napolean?
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The majority of Napolean's soldiers were killed by disease (30,000 out of 34,000) and Napolean had to withdraw.
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How did the Americans end up cut off from New Orleans?
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Spain cancelled their "rights of deposit" (right deliver goods to New Orleans for shipping?).
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Why did New Orleans end up in French hands again?
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Napolean controlled most of Spain and Europe so made a secret treaty with Spain to force them to give back New Orleans.
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What did Jefferson do in response to the furious Americans who wanted to go to war with France and Spain over New Orleans?
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He sent Robert Livingston, ambassador to France, to make Napolean an offer of $10 million for New Orleans.
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Why did Napolean accept the offer and sell the land for $15 million?
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After being forced to withdraw from Hispanola, he had to give up his hope to conquer North America.
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What was the final deal between Jefferson and Napolean?
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France sold the whole territory of Lousianna to the US for $15 million to make sure the British didn't get any of it.
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Why was Jefferson reluctant about the purchase?
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As a "strict constructionist" he wasn't sure he had the Constitutional power to buy land.
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How did Thomas Paine finally convince him it was OK?
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Madison said Jefferson wasn't adding powers to the Constitution, but just spreading the powers that already existed over a larger area of land.
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How did Jefferson justify his actions to the Senate so that they would ratify the treaty?
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He cited his "implied powers to protect the nation." (GEORGE BUSH!!!)
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Who was Tecumseh?
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Chief of the Shawnee nation - wrote to President Madison telling him land belonged to Indians.
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What was the Corps of Discovery?
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Lewis and Clark, two explorers sent by Jefferson to explore the west.
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What were Jefferson's instructions for Lewis and Clark's expedition?
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1. Explore the Mississippi
2. Find a water route across the continent for trade. 3. Good relations with Indians 4. Gather scientific descriptions of the topography and plant/animal life. |
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Who was York?
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Clark's African slave and assistant on the trip.
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When did the expedition start and where did the group winter?
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They started in the summer of 1803 and they wintered in St. Louis.
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What was St. Louis called "the gateway to the west"?
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It was a hub of trading and was at the intersection of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.
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Which river did the expedition start out from St. Louis?
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Missouri
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Why did they enforce strict martial discipline on the boats?
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The trip was so difficult they flogged anyone who slacked off.
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What was Fort Mandan?
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They built a fort near the Mandan Indian Villages (N. Dakota) to spend the second winter.
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Who was Sacajawea?
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A Shoshone Indian married to a French trapper - joined the group to translate.
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Who was the Shoshone Chief and how did he help Lewis and Clark?
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Sacajawea's brother. He traded horses with them so they could continue over land.
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Where did the expedition finally reach the Pacific?
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Through the Columbia River which empties into the Pacific.
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What was Fort Fort Clatsop?
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The fort the expedition built for the winter when no trade ship appeared to take them home.
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How did the expedition finally get home?
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They split into two groups and traveled overland, reuniting at Fort Union.
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What were the results of the expedition?
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1. dispelled people's fears of the unknown West.
2. Helped US claim [then] Oregon. |
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What happened to Lewis after the expedition?
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He was depressed and killed himself (maybe murdered).
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What happened to Clark?
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Became influential in Indian Affairs.
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What happened to Sacajawea?
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Died at age 28.
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Who was Zebulon Pike?
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Explorer - set out to explore the southern part of the Lousiana Purchase.
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What was Pike specifically looking for?
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The headwaters of the Red River because it was the boundary between Louisianna and New Spain.
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What did the Ute Indians believe about Pike's Peak?
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That the Great Spirit descended from the sky there and created all life.
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What were the two results of Pike's expedition?
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Didn't find the headwaters but got a lot of good information.
Described the Great Plains as a desert, misleading Americans for years. |
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What was Stephan Long's expedition?
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He set out to map the Great Plains and find the source of the Red River.
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Did Long succeed in accomplishing his goals?
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No because he was mistakenly following the Canadian River rather than the Red River.
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What were the results of these several expeditions in general?
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1. Accurate maps
2. growth of trade (John Jacob Astor) 3. US thought Indians should be moved to the "worthless" Great Plains. |
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What started the tension with England that led up to the War of 1812.
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British seized US ships and sailors ("impressment") headed for any of England's enemies.
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What was the Chesapeake Incident?
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British fired on the US ship Chesapeake when it refused to submit to a search. 3 Americans dead.
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Why did Jefferson respond to the English aggression with the Embargo Act of 1807 instead of declaring war?
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He strongly believed internation LAW should settle disputes between nations, not war.
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What did the Embargo Act of 1807 include?
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No US ships to foreign ports, no foreign ships allowed in US ports.
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Was the embargo effective?
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No - it hurt the American and British merchants and British slaves, not the British government.
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Who were the two candidates for President in 1808?
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Republicans: Jefferson
Federalists: Pinckney |
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Who won the election and what effect did that have on the Embargo Act?
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Jefferson won and he was forced to repeal the Embargo Act because Americans had been hit so hard by it financially.
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Who was Tecumsah and what was his effect on Indian tribes?
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Shawnee Indian Chief who vowed to stop loss of Indian lands. He united the tribes.
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Who was "the Prophet"?
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Tecumseh's brother and a shaman (holy man).
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What was Tecumseh's reaction when Governor Harrison got the Indians to sell him the heart of the Indian Territory?
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Tecumseh said the treaty was not valid because it was not made by ALL of the Indians.
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What was the Battle of Tippicanoe?
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Governor Harrison surprise attacked the Indians, slaughtered most, drove Tippicanoe to Canada.
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How did Tippicanoe and the British get along in Canada?
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Tippicanoe because allies with Britain, making US furious.
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What were people who called for war with Britain called?
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War hawks
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Who was Henry Clay?
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Congressman and war hawk who wanted to go to war and remove England from Canada permanently.
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What reasons did the US give for declaring war on Britain in 1812?
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1. impressment of American sailors;
2. Violations of US rights at sea; British support of Indian resistance against Americans. |
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What did England do the US in the first phase of the war?
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Set up a blockade stopping US ships from going in or out of US ports. (They couldn't do more because they were busy fighting France)
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How well was the US prepared for war?
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Not well - army was too small, state militias tried to help defend.
The Navy had the fastest ships anywhere and dedicated volunteers so they were strong. |
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What was the most important battle of the war?
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The Battle of Lake Erie - winter of 1812 -13.
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Who commanded the American navy in the battle?
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Oliver Hazzard Perry.
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What started the battle?
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Perry's men were building ships on Lake Erie and the British attacked trying to destroy the ships.
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What did Perry's banner say?
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DON'T GIVE UP THE SHIP!
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How did Perry win the battle?
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When his ship was sunk used a rowboat to get to another ship (with his banner!) and sunk two more British ships.
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What happened at the Battle of Thames?
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Governor Harrison chased the Brits into Canada, fought them and won. Tecumseh was killed.
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What happened during the second phase of the war?
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The Brits burned the Capital.
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Who was Dolly Madison?
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James Madison's wife, First Lady. Fled the capital during the fire with important documents and Washington's portrait.
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What battle was the Star Spangled Banner written for?
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The battle of Fort McHenry - the flag was still standing in the morning after the Brit's attack on the fort.
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What was the Battle of Lack Champlain?
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The Brits were attacking from the north, but were defeated there.
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What happened at the Battle of New Orleans?
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The Americans defeated the Brits - Brits lost 2030 but US only lost 21.
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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American general who won the Battle of New Orleans and became a huge hero.
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Why wasn't the battle of New Orleans necessary?
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The soldiers didn't know that the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war, had been signed two days earlier.
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What did the war accomplish?
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Nothing. It ended with no territory exchanging hands.
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