History Chapter 11 & 13

Front 1

Industrial Revolution

Back 1

gradual process by which machines replaced hand tools, and steam and other new sources of power replaced human and animal power

Front 2

Spinning Jenny

Back 2

a machine that could spin several threads at once

Front 3

Capitalist

Back 3

a person who invests in a business in order to make a profit

Front 4

Capital

Back 4

money

Front 5

Factory System

Back 5

brought workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods

Front 6

Interchangeable Parts

Back 6

all machine-made parts would be alike

Front 7

Lowell Girls

Back 7

young woman who worked in the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution

Front 8

Urbanization

Back 8

movement of the population from farms to cities

Front 9

Flatboats

Back 9

flat-bottom boats

Front 10

Turnpikes

Back 10

toll roads

Front 11

Lancaster Turnpike

Back 11

road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Front 12

Corduroy Roads

Back 12

roads were made of logs

Front 13

National Road

Back 13

first federally funded national road project, begun in 1811

Front 14

Clermont

Back 14

Steamboat built in 1807; first steamboat to be commercially successful in American waters

Front 15

Erie Canal

Back 15

artificial waterway opened in 1825 linking Lake Erie to the Hudson River

Front 16

Oregon Country

Back 16

term used in the early 1800s for the region west of the Rocky Mountains, including present-day Oregon, Washington, Montana, and Canada

Front 17

Mountain Men

Back 17

adventurous men hiked through the region's vast forests, trapping animals and living off the land

Front 18

Rugged Individualists

Back 18

people who follow their own independent course in life

Front 19

Rendezvous

Back 19

a French word meaning "get-together"

Front 20

Oregon Trail

Back 20

route to Oregon used by wagon trains in the 1800s

Front 21

Dictator

Back 21

a ruler with absolute power and authority

Front 22

Tejanos

Back 22

person of Mexico descent born in Texas

Front 23

Alamo

Back 23

old Spanish mission in Texas where Mexicans forces under Santa Anna besieged American rebels, who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico in 1836

Front 24

Siege

Back 24

enemy forces try to capture a city or fort, often by surrounding and bombarding it

Front 25

Battle of San Jacinto

Back 25

an 1836 battle between Texans and Mexicans during the Texas war for independence from Mexico

Front 26

Lone Star Republic

Back 26

nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

Front 27

Annex

Back 27

add on

Front 28

New Mexico Territory

Back 28

huge region in the Southwest owned by Mexico in the 1800s

Front 29

Santa Fe Trail

Back 29

route to Santa Fe, New Mexico, that was used by traders in the 1800s

Front 30

Self-sufficient

Back 30

producing enough for its own needs

Front 31

Vaqueros

Back 31

the Indian and Mexican cowhands who worked on the ranches

Front 32

Manifest Destiny

Back 32

belief held in the 1800s that Americans had the right and the duty to spread across the continent all the way to the Pacific Ocean

Front 33

Bear Flag Republic

Back 33

nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846

Front 34

Chapultepec

Back 34

fort outside of Mexico City that was the site of an 1847 battle between the US and Mexico during the Mexican War

Front 35

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Back 35

an 1848 treaty in which Mexico gave up California and New Mexico to the US for $15 million

Front 36

Cede

Back 36

give up

Front 37

Mexican Cession

Back 37

Mexican territory of California and New Mexico given to the US in 1848

Front 38

Gadsden Purchase

Back 38

strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico for which the US paid Mexico $10 million in 1853