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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Old Order
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political structure creating inequalities by dividing society into 3 social groups: First, Second, and Third Estates
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King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette
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King and Queen during revolution, lived in Versailles
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First Estate
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took 1% population and 10% land with the Roman Catholic clergy who was tried in church court instead of law court. Court divided into upper and lower courts.
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Second Estate
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estate with nobels controlling 2% of population and most of the wealth. Holds all high positions of the military
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Third Estate
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97% of population that paid the most taxes. One to the king, rent to the 2nd estate and a tithe to the 1st estate
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3 groups of 3rd estate
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bourgeoisie, sans culottes and pheasants
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bourgeoisie
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top group, city men and educated of the 3rd estate that understood the enlightment ideas that the king was taking advantage, had no say in gov. or military
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King Louis XVI
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had power over everyone especially the 3rd estate and had a financial crisis with a solution of taxing 1st and 2nd estates too
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Marie Antoinette
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queen from Austria and unliked because she loved herself
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Lower clergy are socially closer to the 3rd and the poor resent their priviledges.
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Why did division of courts in First Estate cause problems?
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sans culottes
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2nd group, working class of the 3rd estate that was without breeches
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Estates General
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meeting called by the king who was forced by the nobels to call it
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cahiers
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used by the people to tell the king grievances
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National Assembly
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group that met after the estates general, giving the 3rd estate the right to make laws; met in August 1789 adopting the "Declaration of the rights of man and the citizen"; took the tennis court oath
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Tennis Court Oath
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oath taken by the National Assembly vowing to make a new constitution, 1st and 2nd est. ordered to help, but the N.A. are afraid the king will use violence against them
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Bastille
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old prison holding prisoners of the state and weapons, where the storming occured resulting in the Great Fear, represents the social injustices and inequalities
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Great Fear
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rumors that the king hired thugs to punish the 3rd est. so they will come to punish them, pheasants take revenge
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
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declaration by the N.A. ending federal dues and the 1st est priviledges, and giving liberty, equality and fraternity
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Olympe de Gouges
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famous Paris playwright that wrote a declaration turned down by the N.A. giving rights to women
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radicals
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people who wanted extreme changes, such as abolishing the monarchy in France.
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Charlotte Corday
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Girandist who killed Jean Paul Marat and was later executed
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The Mountain, Montagnards
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Had support of lower class, radicals seperated into sans culouttes and Jacobins who were afraid of losing control after Jean Paul Marat was killed (wanted him killed and Europe was in shock)
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Jacobins
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part of the mountains and radicals along with the sans culottes
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Girondists
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moderates that wanted a constitutional monarchy, resisting extreme changes and don't want king killed, but lost
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Plain
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swing vote to support from the Girondists switching to the mountains, which caused the king to be beheaded publically
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Jean-Paul Marat
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leader of the sans culottes who was killed by C. Corday and was part of the National Convention
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Georges-Jacques Danton
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one of the radical leaders killed during the Reign of Terror by Robespierre; a compromiser and agitator of the Paris Commune
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Maximilien Robespierre
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led National Convention during Reign of Terror, when they set up commitee of public safety, revolutional tribunal, metric system, and closing of churches, used guillotine to execute people, such as Danton
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guillotine
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machine invented by Dr. Joseph Iganece used to publically behead people because it was easier and quicker than being hanged
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Committee of Public Safety
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group by the national convention created to run the war and draft men ages 18-45
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Cult of Supreme Being
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replaced the church and the clergy when they were closed to worship the revolution, created by Robespierre
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counterrevolution
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revolution against a government that was established by a revolution, avoided by revolutionary leaders who were afraid of losing control
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Reign of Terror
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time when Robespierre executed people on a grand scale by using guillotine, resulting in civil war with pheasants
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Catholic Royal Army
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army in western France made of the pheasants that formed because of the king's execution, churches closing, taking their food, and the draft
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Revolutionary Tribunal
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court set up to eliminate enemies of the revolution that went after the Girondists
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Directory
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governing board after the terror consisting of 5 men, created some financial reforms, but became a weak government because all of the men fought for power just like the old order
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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young emperor who controlled much of Europe as the first consul, showed his authority by winning many battles and taking the crown from the pope, was voted with a plebiscite and eventually made the continental system. legacy- everyone is equal under law and nationalism
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Admiral Horatio Nelson
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British navy commander that defeated the french after Napoleon destroyed Egypt
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Battle of the Nile
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battle between the British and French navies, where the British destroyed most of the French fleet and was located in the Mediterranean Sea in 1798
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coup d'etat
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quick transfer of power of Napolean replacing the directory with the consulate
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consulate, First Consul
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group including Napolean as the 1st Consul of 3 as a dictator, but people allow it because he says he will end violence
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plebiscite
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a question before a vote. Example: Napolean asks did they want to declare France an empire? voters said yes and he became emperor
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Pope Pius VII
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pope who was offended when Napolean took the crown out of his hands as he was about to crown him emperor. this action showed Napolean's authority
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Napoleonic Wars
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wars fought by Napolean and his army during the French Rev. gaining power in France, whose enemy was Great Britain.
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Battle of Trafalgar
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battle won by Britain, which makes it impossible for France to invade, the French also had help from Spain, but their loss lead to the Cont. System
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Continental System
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system created by Napolean using economic warfare that didn't let French or allied ships to trade with Britain resulting in the Peninsular War
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Peninsular War
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war won by the French that took place after the Cont. System was made because Portugal refused to follow it
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concordat
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one of Napolean's policies that he used to make peace with the church by religious toleration, saying most French citizens were Catholic
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Napoleonic Code
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legal system of laws by Napolean that was used to eliminate injustices
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nationalism
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sense of identity and unity when people want to be free of control of another country and take pride in their own
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Czar Alexander I
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Czar of Russia that wanted out of the cont. system and moved his troops to the border, where they fought against France with the scorched earth policy, member of congress of vienna
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Elba Island
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island that Nap. was exiled to as one of the terms of surrender
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Louis XVIII
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new King in France after the switch to monarchy for surrender, sent troops to stop Nap. during the Hundred Days
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Hundred Days
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time when Nap. returned to France after he was exiled, joined by Louis XVIII troops, his promise is that he will not expand France's borders
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Duke of Wellington
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duke who controlled the army against Nap. in the Battle of Waterloo, who won, sending Nap. to St. Helena
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Battle of Waterloo
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battle of Nap. vs British, Belgian, Dutch and the German that was lead by Duke of Wellington. Nap. lost
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Saint Helena
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second island Nap. was exiled to after the Battle of Waterloo
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Congress of Vienna
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5 reactionaries meet to restore order and stability in Europe with 7 different goals
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Lord Castlereagh (G.B.), Czar Alexander I (Russia), King Frederick William III (Prussia), leader- Prince Klemons von Metternich (Austria) and Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (France)
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members of the congress of vienna
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Prince Klemons von Metternich
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leader of the Congress of Vienna that came up withthe secret police and Metternich System
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indemnity
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payment to other countries to compensate them for damages, ex. France gives money and territory to those who fought againse France
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reactionary
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someone that favors return to past policy, ex. Congress of Vienna
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Metternich System or Concert of Europe
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system by Prince Klemons where the leaders of Europe get together to solve problems
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