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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the practical meaning to the term: "Manifest Destiny?"
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Migration westward, or expansion of the US; to spread across the entire continent; at "whatever cost & at whomever's expense." Americans enjoyed the blessing of Providence in their efforts to consolidate the entire continent under their control. Millions crossed the Miss. River to start anew & fulfill their 'providence destiny: bountiful source of--gold, personal freedom, religious freedom, business potential, social democracy, & adventure.'
Imperialist phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas; used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial & Indian lands in the Great Plains & Far West. |
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What were the chief causes of the decline in Native American populations in the Western US in the 1st half of the 20th century?
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(1840) Over 325,000 at the time when white settlers migrated westward. Native Americans often warred against one another. The forcible relocation cause major health issues for the Native Americans; including diseases such as tuberculosis, venereal disease, and alcoholism
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What was the chief reason for Mexico receiving its independence from Spain?
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(1807) French forces had occupied Spain & imprisoned the king, creating chaos throughout Spain's colonial possessions, inlcuding Mexico. Hidalgo y Costilla took advantage of the situation & organized a revolt of Indians & mestizos against Spanish rule in Mexico. Hidalgo was killed by Spanish troops; but Mexicans cont'd & yearned for independence. By then Spanish forces lost cohesion & dedication, facing a growing revolt, the last Spanish officials withdrew in 1821, & Mexico became an independent nation.
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What is the legacy of the California missions?
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Franciscan friars, led by Juniper Serra, established a Catholic mission at San Diego. Over next 50yrs they built 20 more California missions: converted Indians & established thriving agricultural estates. the mission-centered culture created by Hispanic settlers who migrated to California from Mexico. the missions were large, influential, & long-lasting. Indianas were baptized as Catholics taught the Spanish language, it stripped them of their Indian heritage. the california mission served multiple roles: church, fortress, home, town, farm, & imperial. Missions were econmoic religioud & cultural institutions & substantial agricultural enterprises.
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What was Sam Houston's role in the independence of Texas from Mexico?
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pg 371 He was commander-in-chief of the Texas forces. Following the Alamo on 04-21-1836, they defended & supported the treaty recognizing the independence of Texas. He became president of the Lone Star Republic; which they drafted a constitution that legalized slavery & banned free blacks. They also voted for annexation to the US as soon as the opportunity arose.
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Why were there problems & what were the problems for the US in annexing the newly independent Texas?
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Addition of Texas as a new slave state in 1836; it raised the specter of war with Mexico. Growing British influence in Texas, Texans focused on building their separate republic.Calhoun believed annexation of Texas was needed to foil the British abolitionists. Sectional division & fear of a war with Mexico, contributed to the Senate's overwhelming rejection of Calhoun's Texas annexation treaty.
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Why did the US go to war with Mexico in 1846? What were the terms of settlement of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
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pg 380 Mexican government broke off relations with the US. President Polk made it look as though Mexican troops attacked & forced war upon the US. Treaty was: Fixed the border with Mexico at the Rio Grande & extended the US to the Pacific coast, annexing more than a half-million square miles of potential slave territory.
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Why was the south a failure in their development of manufacturing?
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p.396 Blacks were presumed unsuited to factory work, perhaps because they supposedly couldn't adjust to the discipline of work by the clock. Second, the ruling elites of the Old South were said to have developed a lordly disdain for industrial activity, because a certain aristocratic prestige derived from owning plantations & holding slaves. The concentration on slave-based agriculture as well as the paucity (small quantity) of cities & immigrants deprived the South of dynamic sources of economic growth & social innovation.
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Describe the chief characteristics of Southern white society prior to the Civil War.
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Tragedy of dependence on cotton. Great plantations set the tone for economic & social life. Plantations were much larger than farms & used a large enslaved labor force, managed by overseers, to grow primarily staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco, & sugarcane) for profit. To be a planter you had to hold 20 slaves; only 1 out of 30 whites in the South in 1860 was a planter. They thought to be privileged elite & perceived as 'natural aristocrats.'
Middle class: overseers on the largest plantations, small farmers, or skilled workers. Poor whites: mistaken for white trash, indentured servants or convicts transported to the colonies from Britain. |
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Describe the chief characteristics of Southern black society prior to the Civil War.
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Status of African Americans depended on location & the nature of their working & living conditions. 'Free persons of color,' was a status between slavery & freedom. Some gained liberty by purchasing, as a reward for wartime military service, or freed by conscientious masters. Mulattoes were 'colored' people, people of mixed racial ancestry. There were approximately 3,775 free blacks that held 12,760 slaves, some bought their family members with intentions to free them; but some were for selfish reasons. Occupations for free blacks were skilled artisans, farmers, or common laborers. However, free blacks suffered widespread discrimination. In N.Carolina, Blacks couldn't travel more than 1 county away from home. Required by Southern states, they had to carry an official certificate of freedom, or he could be enslaved. Most could not vote; Blacks weren't allowed to testify in court against whites, or have church services without white minister.
Plantation slavery included jobs as household servants, skilled workers, or field hands. Slave women faced a much harsher experience than slave men. They had to reproduce for masters to sell slave children; but they were still required to work & complete the same duties as slave men. They were often sexually abused; & experienced much emotional & psychological abuse. It was harder to escape because of their responsibility to their children & women lacked physical strength & endurance to run away. Slave life became a new community with culture of its own, African Americans, due to the variety of ethnic, linguistic, & tribal origins fused together. |
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Who were the main characters in the abolitionist prior to the Civil War?
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Nat Turner, insurrection of 1831, where he organized revolt; eventually killing ~55 whites. p.408 William Lloyd Garrison, (1831) Boston, began publication of an anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator. Garrison, & Arthur & Lewis Tappan, founded the American Anti-Slavery Society; & propagandist Theodore Dwight Weld. Sojourner Truth, was the most effective black abolitionist. Frederick Douglass-started an abolitionist newspaper for blacks; and Harriet Tubman helped to free 300 slaves. Sisters Sarah & Angelina Grimke left their parents to embrace Quakerism, antislavery, feminism, & other reforms. Elijah P. Lovejoy, an anti-slavery editor who in 1837 was killed by a mob in Alton, Illinois; giving the movement a martyr to both abolition & freedom of the press.
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On what basis did some defend the continued existence of slavery prior to the Civil War?
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Based on the beliefs of the evangelical Christian churches; causing a division between 2 denominations which led to the formation of the Southern Baptist Convention & the Methodist Episcopal Church. Some feared racial inferiority of blacks, whites would have to compete in job market, & slavery was profitable.
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lowell factory system
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Lowell, Massachusetts. abuse (child labor). exploitation. very low pay. unhealthy working conditions. long hrs. profit became more important than the workers & factory conditions. (+)impacts were: improve family life, growth of cities. (-)impacts were: work to many hrs.
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Chinese, Irish, & German Immigration patterns
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Immigrants were vital to american growth because americans needed laborers. immigrants came after 1820. they left their motherlands because depression, famine, political persecution. came to america for prosperity.
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eli whitney
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Inventor of the cotton gin.
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seed from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, but difficult to clean, short-staple cotton; led directly to the dramatic nineteenth-century expansion of slavery in the South. |
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temperance
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crusade that was the most widespread of the reform movements. called for the abstinence from all alcoholic beverages.
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horace mann
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led the drive for statewide public school system
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seneca falls convention
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seneca falls, new york. july 1820. convention for equal rights for women.
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